Table 3

List of the measure’s domains, their construct, measurement tools and assessment time points

Measure’s domains	Constructs	Measurement tools	Timepoints
Pain	Severity (primary clinical outcome)	Brief Pain Inventory Short form Severity subscale in the past 24 hours.	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
		0–10 NRS of the worst pain in the past 24 hours	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
		0–10 NRS of average pain in the past 24 hours	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
	Unpleasantness	0–10 NRS of unpleasantness in the past 24 hours	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
	Bothersomeness	0–10 NRS of bothersomeness in past 24 hours	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
Physical functioning	Pain interference (primary clinical outcome)	Brief Pain Inventory Short form Interference subscale in the past 24 hours.	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
Physical functioning	Disability (primary clinical outcome)	Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
Global change	Global perceived change	Perceived change in the back region on an 11-point scale (−5=much worse, through 0=unchanged, to +5=completely), recovered	T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
Satisfaction	Extent of satisfaction	Perceived treatment satisfaction on a 0–10 NRS	T_im
Psychological functioning	Depression	Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
	Catastrophising	Pain Catastrophising Scale	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
	Attention to pain	Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
General health	Quality of life	European Quality of Life-5D	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m
General health	Well-being	WHO-Five Well-Being Index	T_B, T_im, T_1wk, T_1m, T_3m

NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; T_B, at baseline; T_im, immediately postintervention; T_1m, 1-month postintervention; T_3m, 3 months postintervention; T_1wk, 1-week postintervention.