Logistic regression to identify factors associated with tobacco smoking in the Gambia*
| Factors | Univariable regression | Multivariable regression | ||
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| 20–29 | 2.86 (1.99 to 4.11) | <0.001 | 3.41 (2.24 to 5.19) | <0.001 |
| 30–39 | 4.61 (3.11 to 6.84) | <0.001 | 6.5 (3.66 to 11.54) | <0.001 |
| 40–49 | 5.89 (3.98 to 8.71) | <0.001 | 9.08 (5.08 to 16.22) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Women | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Men | 39.33 (27.08 to 57.13) | <0.001 | 32.9 (21.94 to 49.32) | <0.001 |
| Union | ||||
| Currently or formally union | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Never union | 0.93 (0.77 to 1.11) | 0.420 | 1.14 (0.78 to 1.68) | 0.497 |
| Religion | ||||
| Islam | 1.27 (0.7 to 2.32) | 0.44 | 1.19 (0.58 to 2.44) | 0.645 |
| Others | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Ethic group | ||||
| Non-Gambian | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Mandinka/Jahanka | 1.73 (1.21 to 2.46) | 0.003 | 2.42 (1.58 to 3.72) | <0.001 |
| Wollof | 1.25 (0.84 to 1.85) | 0.269 | 1.46 (0.9 to 2.37) | 0.124 |
| Fula/Tukulur/Lorobo | 1.28 (0.86 to 1.88) | 0.223 | 1.47 (0.93 to 2.32) | 0.101 |
| Others | 1.59 (1.07 to 2.36) | 0.023 | 1.96 (1.22 to 3.13) | 0.006 |
| Parity | ||||
| No child | 0.95 (0.79 to 1.16) | 0.64 | 1.29 (0.86 to 1.93) | 0.214 |
| One child | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.61) | 0.08 | 1.88 (1.27 to 2.77) | 0.001 |
| One+children | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Urban | 1.23 (0.99 to 1.52) | 0.059 | 1.45 (0.98 to 2.13) | 0.067 |
| Region | ||||
| Mansakonko | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Banjul | 1.5 (1.07 to 2.11) | 0.020 | 1.39 (0.87 to 2.23) | 0.167 |
| Kanifing | 1.5 (1.06 to 2.13) | 0.025 | 1.48 (0.93 to 2.36) | 0.102 |
| Brikama | 1.15 (0.8 to 1.67) | 0.442 | 1.08 (0.69 to 1.71) | 0.729 |
| Kerewan | 0.99 (0.64 to 1.51) | 0.947 | 1.07 (0.66 to 1.73) | 0.788 |
| Kuntaur | 1.07 (0.69 to 1.65) | 0.766 | 1.22 (0.76 to 1.96) | 0.422 |
| Janjanbureh | 1.06 (0.74 to 1.51) | 0.758 | 1.19 (0.78 to 1.82) | 0.429 |
| Basse | 1.09 (0.73 to 1.62) | 0.679 | 1.09 (0.7 to 1.7) | 0.687 |
| Education | ||||
| No education | 1.33 (0.89 to 1.99) | 0.17 | 2.73 (1.68 to 4.44) | <0.001 |
| Primary | 2.73 (1.85 to 4.03) | <0.001 | 5.35 (3.35 to 8.54) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 1.98 (1.38 to 2.82) | <0.001 | 3.26 (2.17 to 4.9) | <0.001 |
| Higher | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Wealth status | ||||
| Poorest | 1.10 (0.82 to 1.47) | 0.53 | 1.86 (1.16 to 2.98) | 0.010 |
| Poorer | 1.13 (0.82 to 1.56) | 0.46 | 1.48 (1.02 to 2.14) | 0.042 |
| Middle | 1.01 (0.72 to 1.42) | 0.95 | 0.98 (0.66 to 1.47) | 0.940 |
| Richer | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.44) | 0.81 | 1 (0.7 to 1.42) | 0.976 |
| Richest | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Occupation | ||||
| Not working | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Professional/technical/mana gerial/clerical/sales/services/ armed forces/other | 7.53 (4.99 to 11.38) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.32 to 3.36) | 0.002 |
| Agricultural/self employed | 3.90 (2.38 to 6.39) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.2 to 3.37) | 0.008 |
| Skilled/unskilled manual | 13.47 (8.62 to 21.06) | <0.001 | 2.73 (1.67 to 4.48) | <0.001 |
| Access to information | ||||
| Reading newspaper/magazine | ||||
| Not at all | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.57 (1.19 to 2.08) | 0.002 | 1.34 (0.98 to 1.84) | 0.071 |
| At least once a week | 1.63 (1.1 to 2.42) | 0.016 | 1.01 (0.67 to 1.52) | 0.958 |
| Watching television | ||||
| Not at all | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.15 (0.86 to 1.53) | 0.337 | 0.85 (0.59 to 1.23) | 0.383 |
| At least once a week | 1.34 (1.02 to 1.76) | 0.036 | 0.86 (0.62 to 1.19) | 0.372 |
| Listening radio | ||||
| Not at all | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.21 (0.83 to 1.77) | 0.32 | 0.97 (0.66 to 1.42) | 0.862 |
| At least once a week | 3.17 (2.34 to 4.29) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.95 to 1.73) | 0.106 |
*Data are from Standard Demographic and Health Survey conducted in the Gambia 2019–2020. The age of respondents was 15–49 years old. Data are weighted in this column.
OR, Odds ratio; Ref, reference group; Union, respondent live/lived together with men/women.