Fixed effect estimates of OR of childhood ambulatory sensitive hospitalisation (0–4 years) by other covariates
| Variables | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | ||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Year windows | ||||
| 2008–2009 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2010–2012 | 1.0176 | 1.0041 to 1.0313 | 0.9783 | 0.9623 to 0.9946 |
| 2013–2015 | 1.0209 | 1.0074 to 1.0347 | 0.9595 | 0.9398 to 0.9795 |
| 2016–2018 | 1.0513 | 1.0374 to 1.0654 | 0.9653 | 0.9404 to 0.9909 |
| Age—group | ||||
| 0–1 year | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–2 years | 0.8274 | 0.8178 to 0.8371 | 0.8250 | 0.8153 to 0.8347 |
| 2–4 years | 0.7666 | 0.7591 to 0.7741 | 0.7668 | 0.7593 to 0.7744 |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | ||
| Male | 1.1984 | 1.1880 to 1.2089 | 1.1977 | 1.1873 to 1.2083 |
| Ethnicity (prioritised) | ||||
| NMNP | Ref | Ref | ||
| Māori | 1.9669 | 1.9476 to 1.9864 | 1.7465 | 1.7277 to 1.7655 |
| Pacific | 2.2482 | 2.2209 to 2.2758 | 2.0556 | 2.0274 to 2.0843 |
| Deprivation (IMD)—three categories | ||||
| IMD 1 (deciles 1–4) | Ref | Ref | ||
| IMD 2 (deciles 5–6) | 1.3949 | 1.3785 to 1.4114 | 1.2158 | 1.2007 to 1.2311 |
| IMD 3 (deciles 7–10) | 1.9852 | 1.9641 to 2.0066 | 1.4664 | 1.4476 to 1.4854 |
| Urban-rural locality | ||||
| Non-urban | Ref | Ref | ||
| Urban | 1.3754 | 1.3580 to 1.3930 | 1.2506 | 1.2335 |
| Finance (Annual Health Expenditure per Capita, rescaled) | ||||
| AHE_PP | 1.4547 | 1.4233 to 1.4869 | 1.4250 | 1.3085 |
| Human Resource (GP FTE per 100,000 population, rescaled) | ||||
| GP_FTE* | 1.0224 | 1.0032 to 1.0418 | 0.9851* | 0.9231 to 1.0512* |
Model covariates (model 2): age, DHBs, ethnicity, gender, deprivation, rurality, years and finance (orderly).
*GP FTEs rescaled (0–1), analysed in a separate dataset (2008–2016), the adjusted OR values are based on the fixed-effect model without interaction terms (equivalent to the model 2). The corresponding OR value when DHB*year interaction term was included (equivalent to model 3) is 0.8685 (0.7873, 0.9579). Finance variable not included in the equivalent models with GP_FTE variable as these two variables were correlated strongly, VIF of all but GP FTE terms <5 reported in this equivalent model 3, with 5.15 for the GP_FTE term.
.AHE_PP, Annual Health Expenditure Per Capita, rescaled; DHB, District Health Board; GP, General Practice; GP_FTE, General Practice Full Time Equivalent; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; NMNP, non-Māori non-Pacific; VIF, Variance Inflation Factor.