General characteristics of the study participants
| Variable | No-IPV | IPV | χ2 | P value* |
| Age (years) | 17.528 | 0.002 | ||
| ≤19 | 28 (0.8) | 4 (5.2) | ||
| 20–24 | 507 (15.1) | 13 (16.9) | ||
| 25–29 | 1341 (39.9) | 30 (39.0) | ||
| 30–34 | 1096 (32.6) | 19 (24.7) | ||
| ≥35 | 385 (11.5) | 11 (14.3) | ||
| Education level | 4.895† | 0.418 | ||
| Master’s degree or higher | 140 (4.2) | 7 (9.1) | ||
| Undergraduate | 919 (27.4) | 18 (23.4) | ||
| College degree | 912 (27.2) | 21 (27.3) | ||
| High school degree | 699 (20.8) | 14 (18.2) | ||
| Junior high school diploma | 670 (20.0) | 17 (22.1) | ||
| Primary school or lower | 17 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Partner’s education level | 6.761† | 0.215 | ||
| Master’s degree or higher | 202 (6.0) | 6 (7.8) | ||
| Undergraduate | 998 (29.7) | 22 (28.6) | ||
| College degree | 844 (25.1) | 18 (23.4) | ||
| High school degree | 698 (20.8) | 13 (16.9) | ||
| Junior high school diploma | 600 (17.9) | 16 (20.8) | ||
| Primary school or lower | 15 (0.4) | 2 (2.6) | ||
| Work status after pregnancy | 0.007 | 0.933 | ||
| Employed | 2065 (61.5) | 47 (61.0) | ||
| Unemployed | 1292 (38.5) | 30 (39.0) | ||
| Partner’s working status | 0.024‡ | 0.876 | ||
| Employed | 3217 (95.8) | 73 (94.8) | ||
| Unemployed | 140 (4.2) | 4 (5.2) | ||
| Marital status | 0.440 | 0.507 | ||
| Married | 3118 (92.9) | 70 (90.9) | ||
| Unmarried/divorced/widowed | 239 (7.1) | 7 (9.1) | ||
| Living situation | 3.337 | 0.189 | ||
| Couple alone | 2263 (67.4) | 54 (70.1) | ||
| Living with in-laws | 844 (25.1) | 14 (18.2) | ||
| Living with parents | 250 (7.4) | 9 (11.7) | ||
| Professional psychological counselling | 17.816 | <0.001 | ||
| Not received | 3125 (93.1) | 62 (80.5) | ||
| Received | 232 (6.9) | 15 (19.5) | ||
| Family care | 45.788 | <0.001 | ||
| Good functioning | 1992 (59.3) | 18 (23.4) | ||
| Moderately dysfunction | 872 (26.0) | 31 (40.3) | ||
| Severe dysfunction | 493 (14.7) | 28 (36.4) | ||
| Gestational age | 0.944 | 0.624 | ||
| First trimester | 1122 (33.4) | 22 (28.6) | ||
| Second trimester | 1122 (33.4) | 29 (37.7) | ||
| Third trimester | 1113 (33.2) | 26 (33.8) | ||
| Vaginal bleeding | 2.623 | 0.105 | ||
| No | 2537 (75.6) | 52 (67.5) | ||
| Yes | 820 (24.4) | 25 (32.5) | ||
| Pregnancy complications | 6.730 | 0.009 | ||
| No | 2601 (77.5) | 50 (64.9) | ||
| Yes | 756 (22.5) | 27 (35.1) | ||
| Pregnancy intention | 3.641† | 0.144 | ||
| Planned conception | 1796 (53.5) | 33 (42.9) | ||
| Unplanned pregnancy | 1452 (43.3) | 41 (53.2) | ||
| Artificial insemination | 109 (3.2) | 3 (3.9) | ||
| Intimacy with partner since COVID-19 | 64.846 | <0.001 | ||
| Essentially unchanged | 2554 (76.1) | 47 (61.0) | ||
| Strained | 65 (1.9) | 12 (15.6) | ||
| More intimate | 738 (22.0) | 18 (23.4) | ||
| Household income since COVID-19 | 12.921† | 0.004 | ||
| Essentially unchanged | 1805 (53.8) | 30 (39.0) | ||
| Increased | 60 (1.8) | 5 (6.5) | ||
| Decreased by 20%–50% | 1165 (34.7) | 30 (39.0) | ||
| Decrease by ≥50% | 327 (9.7) | 12 (15.6) | ||
| Smoking | 19.565‡ | <0.001 | ||
| No | 3302 (98.4) | 70 (90.9) | ||
| Yes | 55 (1.6) | 7 (9.1) | ||
| Partner’s smoking habits | 1.217 | 0.270 | ||
| No | 2082 (62.0) | 43 (55.8) | ||
| Yes | 1275 (38.0) | 34 (44.2) | ||
| Drinking | 8.892‡ | 0.003 | ||
| No | 3195 (95.2) | 67 (87.0) | ||
| Yes | 162 (4.8) | 10 (13.0) | ||
| Partner’s drinking habits | 7.672 | 0.006 | ||
| No | 2441 (72.7) | 45 (58.4) | ||
| Yes | 916 (27.3) | 32 (41.6) | ||
| Exercise | 4.327 | 0.038 | ||
| No | 2412 (71.8) | 47 (61.0) | ||
| Yes | 945 (28.2) | 30 (39.0) | ||
| Sitting time per day, hour | 14.533 | 0.006 | ||
| ≤1 | 454 (13.5) | 19 (24.7) | ||
| 1–3 | 1069 (31.8) | 21 (27.3) | ||
| 3–5 | 829 (24.7) | 11 (14.3) | ||
| 5–10 | 831 (24.8) | 18 (23.4) | ||
| ≥10 | 174 (5.2) | 8 (10.4) |
Data are presented as n (%).
*Values in bold face are statistically significant at p<0.05.
†Fisher’s exact test.
‡Calibration χ2 test.
IPV, intimate partner violence.