Table 2

Summary of the exploratory factor analysis of the six-factor solution (n=973)

Item #	Original item	Rotated factor loadings						Uniqueness
Item #	Original item	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 5	Factor 6
Q01	Antimicrobial resistance is a significant problem in this hospital	0.2159	0.0410	0.1389	0.0057	0.5701	0.0416	0.6056
Q02	Antimicrobial resistance is a significant problem in Indonesia	0.2433	0.1073	0.3295	0.0588	0.5742	0.0385	0.4861
Q03	A cause of antimicrobial resistance is using too many antimicrobial drugs	0.1641	0.2006	0.3993	0.0695	0.5361	−0.0462	0.4790
Q04	Lack of hand disinfection by healthcare workers causes spread of antimicrobial resistance	0.0640	0.0902	−0.2533	0.0152	0.5725	0.1179	0.5817
Q05	Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can increase antimicrobial resistance when narrower-spectrum antibiotics are available that are equally effective	0.2150	0.0536	0.1482	0.0005	0.5480	0.1093	0.6167
Q06	Antibiotic resistance is also a problem outside of the hospital, in communities	0.2088	0.0318	0.2463	0.0632	0.4766	0.0432	0.6617
Q07	In this hospital, patient rooms are cleaned according to hospital cleaning protocol once a patient with a multidrug-resistant organism has been discharged	0.1038	0.0753	0.0868	0.0210	0.0378	0.6058	0.6071
Q08	Adherence to hand-hygiene protocols is excellent at this hospital	−0.0098	0.0364	0.0606	0.1099	−0.0830	0.6368	0.5705
Q11	Antibiotics are overused in Indonesia	0.1924	0.1831	0.5138	−0.0809	0.2489	−0.2318	0.5432
Q12	Antibiotics are overused in this hospital	0.0548	0.0417	0.2094	−0.4550	0.1635	−0.2381	0.6610
Q13	Microbiology laboratory results are efficiently communicated to the treating physician	0.1689	0.1174	−0.0915	0.0532	−0.0963	0.5116	0.6754
Q14	I regularly refer to/consider the antibiotic susceptibility patterns at this hospital/institution (ie, the institutional antibiogram) when empirically prescribing antibiotics	0.0288	0.1070	−0.0292	−0.0237	0.2056	0.6115	0.5701
Q15	If medically appropriate, intravenous antibiotics should be stepped down to an oral alternative after 3 days	−0.0873	0.2085	0.1141	−0.0850	0.2311	0.3617	0.7444
Q16	Restrictions on antibiotics impair my ability to provide good patient care	0.0460	0.1839	0.0527	0.4031	0.0843	−0.0868	0.7842
Q17	More judicious use of antibiotics would decrease antimicrobial resistance	0.3010	0.0747	0.7362	0.0820	0.0892	0.0648	0.3429
Q18	Following evidence-based antibiotic guidelines will help optimise treatment outcomes	0.2274	0.1934	0.6565	0.1206	0.1256	0.1851	0.4153
Q19	In general, rational antibiotic prescribing for my patients is high on my list of priorities	0.1845	0.1804	0.5246	0.1574	0.1184	0.3228	0.5151
Q20	Developing hospital antibiotic guidelines is more useful than applying international guidelines	0.1803	0.0075	0.3499	−0.1335	0.2631	0.0672	0.7534
Q21	I am often unsure if a patient needs an antibiotic or not	0.0489	0.0260	0.0497	0.5640	−0.3364	0.1021	0.5527
Q22	I am often unsure which antibiotic to prescribe	−0.0084	0.0457	0.1256	0.5670	−0.1938	0.0781	0.6170
Q23	I will stop antibiotics that others have prescribed in the absence of an appropriate indication	0.0016	−0.0620	0.1517	−0.1137	0.2090	0.3892	0.7650
Q24	Patients with high fever (≥39°C) must be treated with antibiotics	0.0077	0.1331	0.1695	0.4794	0.2095	−0.2351	0.6245
Q25	If I am uncertain about the diagnosis of infection, but think it is possible, I feel safer prescribing an antibiotic	0.0217	−0.0415	−0.0877	0.6741	0.1927	−0.0086	0.4985
Q26	Fear of patient deterioration or complications leads me to prescribe antibiotics more freely	0.0113	0.0039	−0.1459	0.7092	0.0883	0.0246	0.4672
Q27	I frequently prescribe antibiotics because patients or their relatives insist on it	0.1069	0.0474	0.2869	0.6318	0.0518	−0.0100	0.5021
Q28	I am aware that my hospital has an antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP)	0.2434	0.6224	0.2918	0.0866	0.0418	0.0110	0.4588
Q29	I understand what the purpose of ASP is	0.2217	0.6957	0.2635	0.1188	0.0092	0.0199	0.3828
Q30	ASP improve patient care	0.2364	0.7744	0.0873	0.0932	0.0852	0.1241	0.3055
Q31	ASP reduces the problem of antimicrobial resistance	0.2775	0.7532	0.0949	0.0172	0.0906	0.1753	0.3074
Q32	ASP reduces this hospital’s infection rates	0.2045	0.6670	−0.1122	0.0569	0.1283	0.1799	0.4486
Q33	Additional staff education on antimicrobial prescribing is needed	0.5202	0.2816	0.0917	−0.0079	0.2203	−0.0284	0.5923
Q34	Regular audit and feedback encourage me to prescribe antibiotics prudently	0.6151	0.3581	0.0075	0.0064	0.1402	0.1117	0.4612
Q35	Rapid and accurate diagnostic tests are useful for diagnosis of infectious diseases and guidance on antibiotic therapy	0.6714	0.2576	0.1522	−0.0362	0.0386	0.0379	0.4555
Q36	To reduce antibiotic overuse in hospitals, implementation of antibiotic restriction (eg, antibiotic tiers) is a useful measure	0.6428	0.2670	0.1088	−0.0335	0.2153	0.0013	0.4562
Q37	To curb antimicrobial resistance, regular consultations or ward rounds with a clinical microbiologist or infectious disease physician are useful	0.7046	0.0787	0.0061	0.0190	0.1881	0.0781	0.4555
Q38	To curb antimicrobial resistance, doctors need to have timely access to microbiological test results to guide antibiotic therapy	0.7197	0.0835	0.2786	0.0985	0.0670	0.0820	0.3765
Q39	Up-to-date information on hospital antimicrobial resistance patterns is important for developing hospital antibiotic guidelines	0.7374	0.0854	0.3223	0.1088	0.1739	0.0348	0.3018
Q40	Effective infection prevention and control in the hospital reduces antimicrobial resistance	0.7067	0.1690	0.2876	0.0950	0.1798	0.0533	0.3452
	Eigenvalues	4.39	3.19	2.82	2.78	2.65	2.17
	% of variance explained	11.56	8.40	7.43	7.32	6.98	5.72	Overall 47.4%

Table shows the results of the exploratory factor analysis (principal axis factoring) with orthogonal varimax rotation of the six-factor solution using the factor, pcf command in Stata.
Rotated factor loadings: a measure of how much each item contributes to the factor. Loadings close to −1 or 1 indicate that the factor strongly affects the item and loadings close to 0 indicate that the factor has a weak effect on the item.
Item #9 and 10 were excluded from the analysis as explained in the Results section.
Uniqueness: shows the proportion of the item’s variance that is not explained by the factors