The impact of financial barriers on healthcare utilisation among individuals with cognitive impairment
| Home healthcare | Office visits | Hospital stays | ED visits | |||||
| OR* | 95% CI* | OR* | 95% CI* | OR* | 95% CI* | OR* | 95% CI* | |
| Financial access barriers | ||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 0.69 | 0.48 to 0.99 | 1.02 | 0.82 to 1.27 | 1.33 | 1.19 to 1.48 | 1.5 | 1.35 to 1.67 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 18–29 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 30–44 | 2.52 | 0.69 to 9.24 | 1.69 | 1.11 to 2.58 | 1.49 | 1.1 to 2.02 | 1.24 | 0.97 to 1.6 |
| 45–64 | 2.31 | 0.71 to 7.52 | 2.42 | 1.66 to 3.51 | 1.72 | 1.32 to 2.25 | 1.16 | 0.92 to 1.44 |
| ≥65 | 3.36 | 1.06 to 10.69 | 2.11 | 1.46 to 3.05 | 2.14 | 1.66 to 2.77 | 1.07 | 0.85 to 1.33 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Male | 0.95 | 0.64 to 1.41 | 0.92 | 0.75 to 1.12 | 1.06 | 0.95 to 1.18 | 1.15 | 1.05 to 1.27 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Non-married | 1.44 | 0.93 to 2.23 | 0.77 | 0.59 to 1.02 | 0.89 | 0.79 to 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.84 to 1.05 |
| Race | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.77 | 0.5 to 1.19 | 0.89 | 0.69 to 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.02 to 1.32 | 1.28 | 1.13 to 1.44 |
| Hispanic | 0.76 | 0.41 to 1.39 | 0.91 | 0.65 to 1.28 | 0.88 | 0.74 to 1.04 | 0.96 | 0.82 to 1.12 |
| Others | 1.27 | 0.53 to 3.03 | 0.9 | 0.62 to 1.31 | 0.89 | 0.72 to 1.11 | 1 | 0.83 to 1.22 |
| Living region | ||||||||
| Northeast | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| North Central/Midwest | 0.88 | 0.46 to 1.68 | 1 | 0.72 to 1.39 | 0.9 | 0.76 to 1.07 | 0.94 | 0.8 to 1.1 |
| South | 0.78 | 0.45 to 1.33 | 1.01 | 0.75 to 1.37 | 0.85 | 0.72 to 1 | 0.86 | 0.74 to 0.99 |
| West | 0.96 | 0.5 to 1.86 | 0.71 | 0.51 to 0.99 | 0.71 | 0.59 to 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.74 to 1.01 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Below high school | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| High school graduate | 1.01 | 0.62 to 1.65 | 0.88 | 0.67 to 1.16 | 0.91 | 0.79 to 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.76 to 0.98 |
| Above high school | 0.76 | 0.51 to 1.15 | 1.18 | 0.92 to 1.51 | 1.02 | 0.9 to 1.16 | 1.01 | 0.9 to 1.14 |
| Family income | ||||||||
| <$50 000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| $50 000–$99 999 | 1.42 | 0.77 to 2.61 | 0.88 | 0.67 to 1.16 | 1.1 | 0.94 to 1.3 | 0.91 | 0.78 to 1.07 |
| ≥$100 000 | 1.5 | 0.58 to 3.89 | 1.18 | 0.92 to 1.51 | 1.06 | 0.81 to 1.4 | 0.99 | 0.79 to 1.26 |
| BMI | ||||||||
| 18.5–24.9 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| <18.5 | 0.91 | 0.42 to 1.98 | 1.05 | 0.61 to 1.78 | 1.26 | 0.95 to 1.68 | 0.99 | 0.76 to 1.29 |
| 25–29.9 | 0.91 | 0.57 to 1.44 | 1.06 | 0.84 to 1.35 | 1.09 | 0.95 to 1.24 | 1.01 | 0.89 to 1.14 |
| ≥30 | 1.03 | 0.66 to 1.61 | 1.82 | 1.41 to 2.35 | 1.05 | 0.93 to 1.2 | 0.99 | 0.88 to 1.11 |
| Health insurance | ||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes | 1.38 | 0.92 to 2.08 | 1.72 | 1.41 to 2.09 | 1.17 | 1.05 to 1.31 | 1.17 | 1.05 to 1.3 |
*Weighted percent estimate for the US population.
BMI, body mass index.