Short-term impacts of BC/EC on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in different models
| Subgroup analysis | PM2.5-unadjusted model | PM2.5-adjusted model | |||||||
| No of studies | No of estimates | Relative Risk (95% CI) | I2 | Egger regression test (p value) | No of studies | No of estimates | Relative Risk (95% CI) | I2 | |
| Cardiovascular diseases | |||||||||
| Age | |||||||||
| All population | 20 | 22 | 1.008 (1.004 to 1.012) | 64.40% | 0.007 | 6 | 7 | 1.014 (1.001 to 1.027) | 51.00% |
| Relative risk adjusted for publication bias with trim and fill method | 24 | 26 | 1.007 (1.002 to 1.011) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Sensitive analysis on study of partial temporal overlap from the same geographical location | 16 | 16 | 1.006 (1.002 to 1.010) | 60.00% | 0.020 | — | — | — | — |
| ≥65 years | 5 | 6 | 1.016 (1.004 to 1.028) | 87.40% | — | — | — | — | — |
| Outcome | |||||||||
| Morbidity | 12 | 12 | 1.022 (1.016 to 1.029) | 37.20% | 0.163 | 4 | 5 | 1.018 (1.006 to 1.031) | 39.50% |
| Mortality | 14 | 15 | 1.003 (1.001 to 1.006) | 29.70% | 0.266 | 4 | 4 | 1.006 (0.993 to 1.019) | 42.90% |
| Respiratory diseases | |||||||||
| Age | |||||||||
| All population | 16 | 18 | 1.010 (0.996 to 1.025) | 87.20% | 0.627 | 5 | 8 | 1.002 (0.990 to 1.014) | 43.80% |
| Sensitive analysis on study of partial temporal overlap from the same geographical location | 12 | 12 | 1.008 (0.992 to 1.023) | 90.30% | 0.449 | — | — | — | — |
| ≥65 | 3 | 4 | 1.038 (1.006 to 1.071) | 82.90% | — | — | — | — | — |
| Outcome | |||||||||
| Morbidity | 10 | 10 | 1.012 (0.993 to 1.031) | 91.80% | 0.671 | 3 | 5 | 0.996 (0.987 to 1.004) | 0 |
| Mortality | 10 | 11 | 1.013 (0.997 to 1.030) | 66.40% | 0.328 | 3 | 3 | 1.017 (0.985 to 1.050) | 48.30% |
BC/EC, black carbon/elemental carbon; PM, particulate matter.