Pooled prevalence of multimorbidity of each subgroup (%, 95% CI) | Meta-regression Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Meta-regression Adjusted OR (95% CI) R2 54.3% | FMI | |
Group of mean age (years) | R2 35.9% | |||
<59 | 28.0 (24.9 to 31.5) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
59–73 | 47.6 (42.5 to 52.8) | 2.3 (1.8 to 3.0)*** | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.8)*** | 0.3 |
≥74 | 67.0 (60.4 to 72.9) | 5.2 (3.8 to 7.2)*** | 4.4 (3.3 to 5.9)*** | 0.2 |
No. of conditions | R2 19.5% | |||
<9 | 30.1 (24.9 to 35.7) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
9–19 | 43.7 (39.5 to 48.0) | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.5)*** | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3)*** | 0.1 |
20–43 | 52.1 (43.8 to 60.3) | 2.5 (1.7 to 3.7)*** | 2.3 (1.6 to 3.2)*** | 0.2 |
≥44 | 87.6 (81.3 to 92.0) | 16.5 (6.4 to 42.6)*** | 8.2 (3.8 to 17.5)*** | 0.06 |
Setting | R2 5.1% | |||
Community | 39.1 (35.5 to 42.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Primary care | 50.5 (39.6 to 61.3) | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3)* | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3)** | 0.2 |
Hospital | 59.6 (45.6 to 72.2) | 2.3 (1.3 to 4.0)** | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.4) | 0.2 |
Source | R2 4.0% | |||
Self-report | 40.0 (36.2 to 43.8) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Database | 52.7 (45.2 to 60.1) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.4)** | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) | 0.2 |
Continent | R2 6.8% | |||
North America | 50.4 (43.6 to 57.3) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Europe | 44.8 (38.2 to 51.5) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.7)*** | 0.1 |
Australasia | 35.8 (29.5 to 42.5) | 0.5 (0.3 to 1.1) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.8)** | 0.08 |
Asia | 35.3 (29.3 to 42.0) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.8)** | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8)*** | 0.1 |
South America | 47.5 (31.2 to 64.4) | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.7) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) | 0.1 |
Africa | 13.8 (4.5 to 32.8) | 0.2 (0.06 to 0.4)*** | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.6)** | 0.1 |
Multiple continents | 38.4 (29.1 to 48.6) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) | 0.1 |
Country income | R2 1.2% | |||
Low-income or middle-income | 36.8 (29.7 to 44.4) | Ref | ||
High-income | 44.3 (40.3 to 48.4) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.9) | ||
Study risk of bias | R2 0.0% | |||
Low risk | 33.3 (20.2 to 49.6) | Ref | ||
Moderate risk | 42.4 (38.6 to 46.3) | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.0) | ||
High risk | 46.4 (34.1 to 59.1) | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.9) | ||
Publication year | 1.0 (1.0 to 1.0) |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001,.
.FMI, fraction of missing information; Ref, reference category.