Characteristic (n) | Physical or sexual IPV in last year | OR | (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | Emotional IPV in last year | OR | (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | ||
No n (%) | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Yes, n (%) | |||||||||||
Disability | ||||||||||||||
None | 4073 (88) | 544 (12) | 1 | 1 | 4093 (89) | 524 (11) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
At least some difficulty | 421 (83) | 84 (17) | 1.49 | 1.24 to 1.99 | 0.007 | 1.68 | 1.23 to 2.29 | 422 (84) | 83 (16) | 1.54 | 1.20 to 1.97 | 0.001 | 1.52 | 1.16 to 2.00 |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Woman’s age (years) | ||||||||||||||
<20 | 104 (90) | 11 (10) | 1 | 1 | 108 (94) | 7 (6) | 1 | – | – | |||||
20–29 | 1747 (86) | 291 (14) | 1.57 | 0.54 to 4.64 | 0.82 | 0.26 to 2.56 | 1782 (87) | 256 (13) | 2.22 | 0.80 to 6.16 | – | – | ||
30–39 | 1808 (88) | 248 (12) | 1.3 | 0.43 to 3.88 | 0.57 | 0.18 to 1.86 | 1812 (88) | 243 (12) | 2.07 | 0.74 to 5.81 | – | – | ||
>40 | 835 (91) | 78 (9) | 0.88 | 0.28 to 2.75 | <0.001 | 0.39 | 0.11 to 1.36 | 812 (89) | 101 (11) | 1.92 | 0.69 to 5.34 | 0.329 | – | – |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||||||
Married | 4112 (87) | 593 (13) | 1 | 1 | 4131 (88) | 574 (12) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Unmarried | 203 (99) | 2 (1) | 0.07 | 0.02 to 0.27 | 0.07 | 0.02 to 0.23 | 204 (99) | 1 (<1) | 0.04 | 0.01 to 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.01 to 0.24 | ||
Separated or divorced | 78 (78) | 22 (22) | 1.96 | 1.20 to 3.18 | 1.44 | 0.88 to 2.33 | 71 (71) | 29 (29) | 2.94 | 1.90 to 4.54 | 2.14 | 1.37 to 3.35 | ||
Widowed | 101 (90) | 11 (10) | 0.76 | 0.44 to 1.29 | 0.001 | 0.79 | 0.45 to 1.41 | 109 (97) | 3 (3) | 0.2 | 0.07 to 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.14 | 0.04 to 0.44 |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Parity | ||||||||||||||
No children | 692 (92) | 63 (8) | 1 | 1 | 692 (92) | 63 (8) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
1 or 2 | 2263 (86) | 358 (14) | 1.74 | 1.29 to 2.34 | 1.41 | 1.04 to 1.91 | 2279 (87) | 342 (13) | 1.65 | 1.28 to 2.13 | 1.16 | 0.89 to 1.51 | ||
3 or more | 1539 (88) | 207 (12) | 1.48 | 1.09 to 2.00 | 0.002 | 1.29 | 0.92 to 1.80 | 1544 (88) | 202 (12) | 1.44 | 1.09 to 1.90 | 0.002 | 0.96 | 0.70 to 1.31 |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Woman’s schooling | ||||||||||||||
None | 848 (89) | 100 (11) | 1 | 1 | 854 (90) | 94 (10) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
1–5 years | 734 (85) | 125 (15) | 1.44 | 1.03 to 2.02 | 1.39 | 0.99 to 1.96 | 737 (86) | 122 (14) | 1.5 | 1.13 to 2.00 | 1.45 | 1.09 to 1.94 | ||
6–10 years | 1976 (87) | 304 (13) | 1.3 | 1.00 to 1.70 | 1.24 | 0.93 to 1.66 | 1983 (87) | 297 (13) | 1.36 | 1.07 to 1.73 | 1.29 | 1.00 to 1.67 | ||
11 years or more | 936 (90) | 99 (10) | 0.9 | 0.66 to 1.21 | 0.027 | 0.93 | 0.67 to 1.29 | 941 (91) | 94 (9) | 0.91 | 0.72 to 1.15 | 0.002 | 0.95 | 0.72 to 1.24 |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Woman’s employment | ||||||||||||||
None | 3437 (89) | 433 (11) | 1 | 1 | 3446 (89) | 424 (11) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Home-based | 665 (86) | 108 (14) | 1.29 | 1.07 to 1.56 | 1.22 | 1.01 to 1.49 | 677 (88) | 96 (12) | 1.15 | 0.92 to 1.44 | 1.08 | 0.85 to 1.37 | ||
Outside the home | 392 (82) | 87 (18) | 1.76 | 1.33 to 2.32 | <0.001 | 2.11 | 1.60 to 2.80 | 392 (82) | 87 (18) | 1.8 | 1.31 to 2.49 | 0.003 | 2 | 1.43 to 2.80 |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Religion | ||||||||||||||
Hindu | 2685 (89) | 317 (11) | 1 | 1 | 2677 (89) | 325 (11) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Muslim | 1629 (86) | 273 (14) | 1.42 | 1.15 to 1.76 | 1.38 | 1.11 to 1.72 | 1655 (87) | 247 (13) | 1.23 | 1.00 to 1.52 | 1.23 | 1.00 to 1.54 | ||
Buddhist | 163 (83) | 34 (17) | 1.77 | 1.25 to 2.50 | 1.68 | 1.16 to 2.43 | 167 (85) | 30 (15) | 1.48 | 1.11 to 1.97 | 1.33 | 1.00 to 1.79 | ||
Other | 17 (81) | 4 (19) | 1.99 | 0.64 to 6.23 | 0.003 | 1.9 | 0.63 to 5.74 | 16 (76) | 5 (24) | 2.57 | 0.90 to 7.36 | 0.013 | 2.94 | 0.93 to 9.27 |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Caste | ||||||||||||||
General | 2637 (88) | 350 (12) | 1 | – | – | 2651 (89) | 336 (11) | 1 | – | – | ||||
Other Backward Caste | 1064 (87) | 157 (13) | 1.11 | 0.92 to 1.35 | – | – | 1063 (87) | 158 (13) | 1.17 | 0.95 to 1.45 | – | – | ||
Scheduled Caste/Tribe | 621 (86) | 103 (14) | 1.25 | 1.01 to 1.54 | – | – | 629 (87) | 95 (13) | 1.19 | 0.93 to 1.53 | – | – | ||
None stated | 172 (91) | 18 (9) | 0.79 | 0.45 to 1.37 | 0.202 | – | – | 172 (91) | 18 (9) | 0.83 | 0.47 to 1.45 | 0.375 | – | – |
All | 4494 (88) | 628 (12) | 4515 (88) | 607 (12) | ||||||||||
Socioeconomic quintile (n=4918 ever-married women) | ||||||||||||||
1 poorest | 829 (84) | 161 (16) | 1 | 1 | 849 (86) | 141 (14) | 1 | – | – | |||||
2 | 861 (88) | 117 (12) | 0.7 | 0.55 to 0.88 | 0.7 | 0.54 to 0.90 | 865 (88) | 113 (12) | 0.79 | 0.58 to 1.07 | – | – | ||
3 | 865 (88) | 118 (12) | 0.7 | 0.52 to 0.95 | 0.72 | 0.53 to 0.99 | 871 (89) | 112 (11) | 0.77 | 0.53 to 1.13 | – | – | ||
4 | 876 (89) | 108 (11) | 0.63 | 0.49 to 0.83 | 0.66 | 0.50 to 0.88 | 876 (89) | 108 (11) | 0.74 | 0.53 to 1.04 | – | – | ||
5 least poor | 884 (90) | 99 (10) | 0.58 | 0.41 to 0.81 | 0.007 | 0.63 | 0.45 to 0.89 | 875 (89) | 108 (11) | 0.74 | 0.53 to 1.04 | 0.325 | – | – |
All | 4315 (88) | 603 (12) | 4336 (88) | 582 (12) | ||||||||||
Husband’s schooling (n=4805 women with living husbands) | ||||||||||||||
None | 391 (81) | 90 (19) | 1 | 1 | 396 (82) | 85 (18) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
1–5 years | 507 (86) | 83 (14) | 0.71 | 0.51 to 1.00 | 0.73 | 0.51 to 1.04 | 509 (86) | 81 (14) | 0.74 | 0.50 to 1.10 | 0.76 | 0.51 to 1.11 | ||
6–10 years | 2206 (87) | 318 (13) | 0.63 | 0.48 to 0.82 | 0.66 | 0.50 to 0.87 | 2214 (88) | 310 (12) | 0.65 | 0.48 to 0.89 | 0.68 | 0.50 to 0.92 | ||
11 years or more | 1069 (89) | 123 (11) | 0.54 | 0.39 to 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.41 to 0.97 | 1066 (89) | 126 (11) | 0.59 | 0.43 to 0.83 | 0.68 | 0.49 to 0.95 | ||
Unknown | 17 (91) | 1 (9) | 0.44 | 0.29 to 0.66 | <0.001 | 0.55 | 0.37 to 0.84 | 17 (91) | 1 (9) | 0.48 | 0.33 to 0.70 | 0.005 | 0.6 | 0.40 to 0.92 |
All | 4190 (87) | 615 (13) | 4202 (87) | 603 (13) | ||||||||||
Husband employed in previous 12 months (n=4805 women with living husbands) | ||||||||||||||
No | 73 (74) | 26 (26) | 1 | 1 | 76 (77) | 23 (23) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Yes | 4111 (88) | 586 (12) | 0.4 | 0.25 to 0.64 | 0.5 | 0.29 to 0.84 | 4120 (88) | 577 (12) | 0.46 | 0.28 to 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.45 to 1.27 | ||
Unknown | 6 (67) | 3 (33) | 1.4 | 0.35 to 5.60 | 0.001 | 1.2 | 0.21 to 6.91 | 6 (67) | 3 (33) | 1.65 | 0.32 to 8.42 | 0.001 | 1.34 | 0.34 to 5.27 |
All | 4190 (87) | 615 (13) | 4202 (87) | 603 (13) | ||||||||||
Husband uses alcohol/drugs (n=4805 women with living husbands) | ||||||||||||||
No | 3198 (89) | 377 (11) | 1 | 1 | 3216 (90) | 359 (10) | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Yes | 992 (81) | 238 (19) | 2.04 | 1.59 to 2.61 | <0.001 | 1.81 | 1.36 to 2.40 | 986 (80) | 244 (20) | 2.22 | 1.79 to 2.75 | <0.001 | 2 | 1.59 to 2.53 |
All | 4190 (87) | 615 (13) | 4202 (87) | 603 (13) |
Multivariable models (adjusted OR) include all variables for which adjusted ORs are presented. Of 5122 women, we had data on socioeconomic status for the 4918 who had ever been married and data on their husbands for 4805 who had not been widowed.
ORs and 95% CIs from univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.
CI, confidence interval; IPV, intimate partner violence; OR, odds ratio.