Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models assessing risk of developing AMD in metformin users and non-users
| Covariate | Any AMD | Early AMD | Late AMD | |||||||||
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Metformin use (yes vs no) | 0.23 (0.13 to 0.38) | <0.0001 | 0.24 (0.13 to 0.42) | <0.0001 | 0.18 (0.10 to 0.33) | <0.0001 | 0.17 (0.09 to 0.34) | <0.0001 | 0.43 (0.18 to 1.04) | 0.0619 | ||
| Sex (female vs male) | 1.13 (0.69 to 1.86) | 0.6284 | 1.10 (0.63 to 1.92) | 0.7305 | 1.21 (0.51 to 2.91) | 0.6649 | ||||||
| Age | 1.10 (1.06 to 1.14) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (1.04 to 1.12) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12) | <0.0001 | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.22) | <0.0001 | 1.15 (1.08 to 1.23) | <0.0001 |
| DM | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.1056 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.08) | 0.1391 | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.11) | 0.3400 | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.02 (1.00 to 1.04) | 0.0955 | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.04) | 0.1885 | 1.03 (0.99 to 1.07) | 0.1820 | ||||||
| Hyperlipidaemia | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) | 0.1063 | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 0.0340 | 1.01 (0.95 to 1.07) | 0.7237 | ||||||
| Smoking | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.00) | 0.0242 | 0.47 (0.24 to 0.92) | 0.0266 | 0.53 (0.19 to 1.50) | 0.2318 | ||||||
| DR (yes vs no) | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.20) | <0.0001 | 0.07 (0.02 to 0.23) | <0.0001 | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.20) | 0.0004 | 0.03 (0.00 to 0.23) | 0.0007 | 0.17 (0.04 to 0.75) | 0.0193 | ||
| BMI | 0.95 (0.88 to 1.02) | 0.1483 | 0.88 (0.81 to 0.97) | 0.0074 | 1.11 (0.98 to 1.25) | 0.0991 | ||||||
| HbA1c | 0.76 (0.65 to 0.89) | 0.0009 | 0.71 (0.58 to 0.86) | 0.0005 | 0.89 (0.69 to 1.15) | 0.3615 | ||||||
| FBG | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | 0.2127 | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.05) | 0.3081 | 0.93 (0.79 to 1.09) | 0.3757 | ||||||
| CHO | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 0.6719 | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.04) | 0.7200 | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.03) | 0.8619 | ||||||
| TG | 0.86 (0.69 to 1.08) | 0.1997 | 0.85 (0.65 to 1.10) | 0.2163 | 0.91 (0.62 to 1.33) | 0.6125 | ||||||
| HDL | 3.55 (1.49 to 8.43) | 0.0041 | 2.68 (1.00 to 7.18) | 0.0492 | 6.79 (1.76 to 26.13) | 0.0054 | ||||||
| LDL | 1.21 (0.90 to 1.63) | 0.2167 | 1.02 (0.73 to 1.43) | 0.9136 | 1.95 (1.16 to 3.29) | 0.0117 | 2.14 (1.21 to 3.77) | 0.0088 | ||||
| UA | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 0.2031 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.0833 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.0332 | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.7303 | ||||
| Cr | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.6582 | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 0.6798 | 2.29 (0.47 to 11.18) | 0.3056 | ||||||
AMD, age-related macular degeneration; BMI, body mass index; CHO, total cholesterol; Cr, creatinine; DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; UA, uric acid.