Sleep characteristics by gender and employment status or life course stage, Understanding Society COVID-19 Study and COVID-19 Survey Data
| Change in sleep problems | Change in sleep duration | |||
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Life course stage | ||||
| Young single childless (ref.) | −0.001 (0.92) | 0.23 (0.98) | −0.36 (1.23) | −0.22 (1.61)* |
| Young partnered childless | 0.06 (0.74) | 0.26 (0.93)* | −0.34 (1.01) | −0.35 (1.28)*† |
| Partnered younger children | 0.22 (1.00)† | 0.38 (1.00)† | 0.03 (0.99) | −0.06 (1.30)*† |
| Partnered older children | 0.11 (0.86) | 0.23 (0.94) | −0.21 (1.00) | −0.10 (1.30)* |
| Single parent | 0.16 (0.98) | 0.26 (1.01) | −0.06 (0.96) | −0.04 (1.39)* |
| Older partnered childless | 0.01 (0.77) | 0.12 (0.87) | −0.22 (0.86) | 0.03 (0.93) |
| Older single childless | 0.06 (0.81) | 0.11 (0.88) | −0.08 (0.77)† | 0.02 (1.02)† |
| Change in financial situation | 0.15 (0.87)† | 0.33 (0.98)† | −0.22 (0.90) | −0.05 (0.14)† |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed furloughed | 0.10 (0.90) | 0.22 (1.01)† | −0.63 (1.20)† | −0.21 (1.46)† |
| Self-employed | 0.12 (0.80)† | 0.30 (0.97)† | −0.30 (1.02)† | −0.38 (1.52)*† |
| Employed not furloughed | 0.03 (0.85)† | 0.26 (0.97)† | −0.15 (0.89) | −0.06 (1.08)*† |
| Not in the labour force (ref.) | 0.05 (0.84) | 0.09 (0.85) | −0.05 (0.85) | −0.03 (1.12) |
| Change in employment status | ||||
| New job (ref.) | −0.03 (0.85) | 0.14 (1.03) | 0.26 (0.90) | −0.06 (1.37)* |
| No change | 0.05 (0.84) | 0.20 (0.93) | −0.16 (0.88)† | −0.08 (1.11) |
| Lose job | 0.19 (0.96)† | 0.11 (0.90)* | −0.62 (1.21)† | −0.18 (1.43)† |
| Key worker | 0.02 (0.87) | 0.28 (0.98) | −0.08 (0.83)† | −0.01 (1.01)*† |
| Time spent on housework | ||||
| Lowest quantile (ref.) | 0.05 (0.85) | 0.12 (0.92) | −0.24 (0.99) | −0.08 (1.13) |
| Middle quantile | 0.03 (0.84) | 0.19 (0.94) | −0.20 (0.92) | −0.20 (1.30)* |
| Highest quantile | 0.11 (0.88)† | 0.24 (0.93)† | −0.19 (0.97) | −0.05 (1.20) |
| Change in loneliness | 0.36 (0.86)† | 0.47 (0.96)† | ||
| Change in feeling of depressed | 0.40 (0.83)† | 0.52 (0.84)† | ||
| Loneliness | ||||
| Hardly ever (ref.) | −0.23 (0.84) | −0.13 (1.01) | ||
| Some of the time | −0.10 (1.08)† | −0.03 (1.33)*† | ||
| Often | 0.06 (1.42)† | 0.08 (1.52)*† | ||
| Feeling of depressed | ||||
| Not at all (ref.) | −0.24 (0.80) | −0.14 (0.98) | ||
| Several days | −0.04 (1.18)† | −0.03 (1.35)*† | ||
| More than half the days | 0.17 (1.55)† | 0.22 (1.75)*† | ||
| Nearly every day | −0.09 (1.42) | 0.28 (1.71)*† | ||
*Gender difference is not statistically significant, based on linear regression models for each employment, life course stage or time use category with female as sole predictor.
†Within-gender difference between omitted life course stage (young, single, childless), employment status (not in the labour force), change in employment status (new job), non-key worker, worked less than 8 hours, time spent on housework (lowest quantile), loneliness (hardly ever) or feeling depressed (not at all) and focal category is statistically significant, based on linear regression models with these predictors as sole predictor. Change in financial situation and change in loneliness and feeling depressed are held at one SD above the mean as they are continuous measures.