Table 3

Selected coefficients and SEs from OLS regression models of changes in sleep problems, COVID-19 Survey Data

Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5
Main effect (95% CI)Main effect
(95% CI)		Main effect
(95% CI)		Main effect
(95% CI)		Main effect
(95% CI)
Female0.15
(0.11 to 0.19)		0.14
(0.10 to 0.18)		0.13
(0.09 to 0.27)		0.09
(0.07 to 0.11)		−0.11
(−0.38 to 0.26)
Life course stage (ref=young single childless)  
 Young partnered childless 0.01
(−0.09 to 0.11)		−0.01
(−0.09 to 0.07)		0.03
(−0.05 to 0.11)		0.08
(−0.06 to 0.22)
 Partnered younger children 0.13
(0.05 to 0.21)		0.11
(0.03 to 0.19)		0.05
(−0.03 to 0.13)		0.07
(−0.05 to 0.19)
 Partnered older children 0.05
(0.00 to 0.10)		0.03
(−0.03 to 0.09)		0.03
(−0.03 to 0.09)		0.06
(−0.04 to 0.16)
 Single parent 0.07
(0.01 to 0.13)		0.05
(0.01 to 0.09)		0.07
(0.01 to 0.13)		0.09
(−0.01 to 0.19)
 Older partnered childless 0.01
(−0.07 to 0.09)		0.01
(−0.07 to 0.09)		−0.01
(−0.09 to 0.07)		0.03
(−0.09 to 0.15)
 Older single childless 0.03
(−0.05 to 0.11)		0.02
(−0.05 to 0.10)		0.01
(−0.07 to 0.09)		0.06
(−0.06 to 0.18)
Change in financial situation  0.09
(0.07 to 0.11)		0.05
(0.03 to 0.07)		0.04
(0.02 to 0.06)
Employment status (ref=not in the labour force)  
 Employed, furloughed  0.01
(−0.07 to 0.09)		0.02
(−0.06 to 0.10)		0.04
(−0.06 to 0.14)
 Self-employed  0.10
(0.02 to 0.18)		0.08
(0.01 to 0.16)		0.08
(−0.02 to 0.18)
 Employed, not furloughed  0.04
(−0.02 to 0.10)		0.02
(−0.04 to 0.08)		0.04
(−0.04 to 0.12)
Change in employment status (ref=new job)   
 No change  0.11
(0.03 to 0.19)		0.08
(0.02 to 0.14)		0.08
(0.02 to 0.14)
 Lose job  0.11
(0.01 to 0.21)		0.05
(−0.03 to 0.13)		0.05
(−0.09 to 0.19)
Keyworker  0.05
(0.01 to 0.09)		0.05
(0.01 to 0.09)		0.01
(−0.05 to 0.07)
Time spent on housework (ref=lowest quantile)  
 Middle quantile  0.02
(−0.02 to 0.06)		0.01
(−0.03 to 0.05)		0.02
(−0.02 to 0.06)
 Highest quantile  0.07
(0.03 to 0.11)		0.05
(0.01 to 0.09)		0.05
(0.01 to 0.09)
Change in loneliness   0.05
(0.03 to 0.07)		0.05
(0.03 to 0.07)
Change in feeling depressed   0.35
(0.33 to 0.37)		0.34
(0.32 to 0.36)
Female×key worker    0.07
(0.01 to 0.13)
Female×change in financial situation   0.04
(0.01 to 0.08)
Female×change in feeling depressed   0.02
(0.01 to 0.04)
Change in financial situation×change in feeling depressed  0.06
(0.04 to 0.08)
Female×change in financial situation×change in feeling depressed    −0.04
(−0.08 to −0.01)
Constant0.04
(−0.14 to 0.22)		0.01
(−0.17 to 0.19)		−0.04
(−0.24 to 0.16)		−0.20
(−0.38 to −0.02)		−0.11
(−0.36 to 0.14)
N14 07314 07314 07314 07314 073
Adj. R20.0120.0130.0260.1900.192

  • Note: all models adjust for age and age-squared, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, physical activity, had any coronavirus-related symptoms, partner’s employment status and region. Change in financial situation, change in loneliness and change in feeling depressed are standardised. Bold font indicates two-tailed tests are significant at the 95% level.

  • OLS, ordinary least squares.