Main results of association between PPI use and risk for pneumonia
| Period* | No of events | Person-years of observation | Crude incidence rate ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted incidence rate ratio† (95% CI) |
| Unexposed period | 1173 | 1956.5 | Reference | Reference |
| Pre-exposure period | 155 | 122.2 | 1.84 (1.55 to 2.18) | 1.80 (1.51 to 2.13) |
| Risk period | 284 | 306.0 | 1.43 (1.23 to 1.65) | 1.40 (1.21 to 1.62) |
| 1–30 days | 127 | 104.8 | 1.70 (1.41 to 2.05) | 1.63 (1.35 to 1.97) |
| 31–90 days | 76 | 80.4 | 1.33 (1.04 to 1.69) | 1.32 (1.04 to 1.69) |
| ≥91 days | 81 | 120.4 | 1.05 (0.79 to 1.39) | 1.06 (0.79 to 1.41) |
| Postexposure period | 744 | 1268.3 | 1.00 (0.91 to 1.10) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.08) |
*The risk period was defined as current use of PPI; the pre-exposure period was a time period of 30 days before PPI initiation; the postexposure period was a time period of up to 365 days after PPI discontinuation; the unexposed period was the remaining time within a time frame of up to 1 year before and 2 years after PPI initiation.
†Adjusted for age with 1-year bands and season.
PPI, proton pump inhibitor.