Unhealthy behaviours | Men | Women | ||||||
0 or 1 | 2 or 3 | 4 | P value | 0 or 1 | 2 or 3 | 4 | P value | |
1487 | 2599 | 316 | 3512 | 1576 | 75 | |||
N | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Age, mean (SD) | 61.61 (9.79) | 58.41 (9.78) | 53.56 (9.45) | <0.001 | 60.47 (9.75) | 55.59 (10.62) | 49.72 (9.12) | <0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Non-smoker | 464 (31.2) | 443 (17.0) | 16 (5.1) | 3259 (92.8) | 1209 (76.7) | 16 (21.3) | ||
Ex-smoker | 960 (64.6) | 1180 (45.4) | 31 (9.8) | 229 (6.5) | 208 (13.2) | 8 (10.7) | ||
Smoker | 63 (4.2) | 976 (37.6) | 269 (85.1) | 24 (0.7) | 159 (10.1) | 51 (68.0) | ||
Drinking, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Non-drinker | 456 (30.7) | 299 (11.5) | 10 (3.2) | 2809 (80.0) | 628 (39.8) | 11 (14.7) | ||
Ex-drinker | 163 (11.0) | 80 (3.1) | 6 (1.9) | 182 (5.2) | 43 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Drinker | 868 (58.4) | 2220 (85.4) | 300 (94.9) | 521 (14.8) | 905 (57.4) | 64 (85.3) | ||
Exercise habits, n (%) | 1320 (88.8) | 1047 (40.3) | 18 (5.7) | <0.001 | 2471 (70.4) | 303 (19.2) | 5 (6.7) | <0.001 |
Eating breakfast every day, n (%) | 1457 (98.0) | 2208 (85.0) | 108 (34.2) | <0.001 | 3419 (97.4) | 1119 (71.0) | 6 (8.0) | <0.001 |
BMI (mean (SD)) | 22.79 (2.22) | 24.23 (3.30) | 25.33 (3.22) | <0.001 | 22.14 (2.92) | 24.07 (4.07) | 26.08 (4.43) | <0.001 |
BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 123 (8.3) | 1080 (41.6) | 219 (69.3) | <0.001 | 455 (13.0) | 716 (45.4) | 52 (69.3) | <0.001 |
Unhealthy behaviour factors, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
0 | 236 (15.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1378 (39.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
1 | 1251 (84.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2134 (60.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
2 | 0 (0.0) | 1578 (60.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1218 (77.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
3 | 0 (0.0) | 1021 (39.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 358 (22.7) | 0 (0.0) | ||
4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 286 (90.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 69 (92.0) | ||
5 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (8.0) | ||
Drinking coffee or tea every day, n (%) | 1161 (78.2) | 1993 (77.1) | 231 (73.6) | 0.194 | 3070 (87.7) | 1337 (85.1) | 71 (95.9) | 0.002 |
Employment status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Regular employment | 299 (20.2) | 605 (23.3) | 105 (33.2) | 505 (14.4) | 418 (26.6) | 32 (42.7) | ||
Non-regular employment | 195 (13.1) | 347 (13.4) | 44 (13.9) | 703 (20.0) | 413 (26.2) | 22 (29.3) | ||
Self-employed | 460 (31.0) | 1189 (45.9) | 140 (44.3) | 739 (21.0) | 391 (24.8) | 15 (20.0) | ||
Unemployed | 529 (35.7) | 451 (17.4) | 27 (8.5) | 1565 (44.6) | 352 (22.4) | 6 (8.0) | ||
Shift work, n (%) | 37 (2.5) | 77 (3.0) | 11 (3.5) | 0.527 | 81 (2.3) | 105 (6.7) | 11 (14.7) | <0.001 |
Education level, n (%) | 0.003 | <0.001 | ||||||
Junior high school | 210 (14.3) | 384 (15.0) | 25 (8.0) | 547 (15.6) | 202 (12.9) | 2 (2.7) | ||
High school | 803 (54.6) | 1463 (57.1) | 195 (62.1) | 1847 (52.7) | 787 (50.1) | 42 (56.8) | ||
College or above | 459 (31.2) | 717 (28.0) | 94 (29.9) | 1109 (31.7) | 582 (37.0) | 30 (40.5) | ||
Living alone, n (%) | 62 (4.2) | 121 (4.7) | 26 (8.3) | 0.008 | 223 (6.4) | 95 (6.0) | 12 (16.0) | 0.003 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 684 (46.0) | 1297 (49.9) | 147 (46.7) | 0.048 | 1277 (36.4) | 609 (38.6) | 15 (20.0) | 0.003 |
Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 695 (46.7) | 1279 (49.2) | 195 (61.7) | <0.001 | 1701 (48.4) | 676 (42.9) | 35 (46.7) | 0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 202 (13.6) | 387 (14.9) | 49 (15.5) | 0.449 | 232(6.6) | 105(6.7) | 3(4.1) | 0.674 |
Cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidaemia or diabetes), n (%) | 1066 (71.7) | 1922 (74.0) | 251 (79.4) | 0.014 | 2262 (64.4) | 940 (59.6) | 40 (54.1) | 0.001 |
AIS ≥6 scores, n (%) | 169 (11.4) | 358 (13.8) | 59 (18.7) | 0.001 | 641 (18.3) | 325 (20.6) | 32 (42.7) | <0.001 |
Sleep duration <6 hours, n (%) | 69 (4.6) | 146 (5.6) | 28 (8.9) | 0.011 | 287 (8.2) | 193 (12.3) | 14 (18.7) | <0.001 |
Depression, n (%) | 23 (1.5) | 28 (1.1) | 7 (2.2) | 0.155 | 84 (2.4) | 27 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.133 |
K6 (5 points or higher), n (%) | 465 (31.5) | 805 (31.3) | 130 (41.8) | 0.001 | 1308 (37.6) | 673 (43.1) | 38 (51.4) | <0.001 |
AIS, Athens Insomnia Scale; BMI, body mass index.