Overall | Male | Female | ||||||||||||||||
Total | Hypertension | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | Total | Hypertension | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | Total | Hypertension | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P value | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||||||||||||
Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
Gender | ||||||||||||||||||
Male | 335 | 133 | 39.7 | − | − | − | N/A | − | − | N/A | ||||||||
Female | 354 | 119 | 33.5 | − | − | − | − | − | ||||||||||
Age | ||||||||||||||||||
25–44 | 429 | 124 | 28.9 | 1 | Reference | 203 | 70 | 34.7 | 1 | Reference | 226 | 53 | 23.6 | 1 | Reference | |||
45–64 | 260 | 128 | 49.2 | 1.95 | 1.35 to 2.80 | <0.01 | 132 | 63 | 47.5 | 1.57 | 0.95 to 2.58 | 0.07 | 128 | 65 | 51.0 | 2.68 | 1.56 to 4.63 | <0.01 |
Marital status | ||||||||||||||||||
Not married | 27 | 8 | 30.8 | 1 | Reference | 20 | 7 | 34.2 | − | 7 | 2 | 21.4 | − | |||||
Married | 557 | 200 | 36.0 | 1.57 | 0.63 to 3.90 | 0.33 | 300 | 120 | 40.0 | − | 257 | 81 | 31.4 | − | ||||
Divorced/widow/widowed | 106 | 43 | 40.8 | 1.83 | 0.68 to 4.97 | 0.23 | 16 | 7 | 41.9 | − | 90 | 36 | 40.6 | − | ||||
Education | ||||||||||||||||||
≤Primary | 513 | 185 | 36.1 | 1 | Reference | 229 | 90 | 39.6 | − | 284 | 95 | 33.3 | 1 | Reference | ||||
Secondary | 127 | 44 | 34.7 | 1.03 | 0.66 to 1.61 | 0.89 | 77 | 32 | 41.3 | − | 50 | 12 | 24.5 | 0.68 | 0.32 to 1.45 | 0.32 | ||
≥College | 49 | 23 | 45.8 | 2.00 | 1.04 to 3.82 | 0.04 | 29 | 11 | 36.8 | − | 20 | 12 | 59.0 | 3.39 | 1.19 to 9.64 | 0.02 | ||
Work status | ||||||||||||||||||
Employed | 85 | 29 | 33.7 | − | 58 | 19 | 33.0 | 1 | Reference | 28 | 10 | 35.2 | − | |||||
Self-employed | 481 | 178 | 37.1 | − | 255 | 102 | 39.8 | 1.43 | 0.74 to 2.78 | 0.29 | 225 | 77 | 34.0 | − | ||||
Unemployed/Retired | 123 | 45 | 36.3 | − | 22 | 12 | 55.8 | 1.95 | 0.66 to 5.75 | 0.22 | 101 | 32 | 32.0 | − | ||||
Residential area of the district | ||||||||||||||||||
Urban area | 87 | 39 | 44.4 | − | 35 | 22 | 61.8 | 2.46 | 1.09 to 5.56 | 0.03 | 52 | 17 | 32.7 | − | ||||
Rural area | 602 | 213 | 35.4 | − | 300 | 112 | 37.2 | 1 | Reference | 302 | 102 | 33.7 | − | |||||
Food security | ||||||||||||||||||
Secure | 192 | 58 | 30.2 | 1 | Reference | 107 | 33 | 31.1 | − | 85 | 25 | 29.1 | − | |||||
Insecure | 497 | 194 | 39.0 | 1.46 | 0.99 to 2.16 | 0.06 | 228 | 100 | 43.8 | − | 269 | 94 | 34.9 | − | ||||
Family planning | ||||||||||||||||||
Not used | − | − | − | − | − | − | 249 | 96 | 38.6 | 1 | Reference | |||||||
Used | − | − | − | − | − | − | 101 | 96 | 21.8 | 0.61 | 0.32 to 1.153 | 0.13 | ||||||
No data | − | − | − | − | − | − | 4 | 1 | 14.3 | − | ||||||||
Behavioural and psychological characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
Smoking | ||||||||||||||||||
Never | 525 | 179 | 34.1 | 1 | Reference | 185 | 66 | 35.8 | − | 340 | 113 | 33.1 | − | |||||
Ex-smoker | 86 | 37 | 43.1 | 1.26 | 0.73 to 2.18 | 0.41 | 74 | 33 | 44.4 | − | 12 | 4 | 34.8 | − | ||||
Current smoker | 79 | 36 | 45.8 | 1.27 | 0.71 to 2.29 | 0.42 | 76 | 34 | 44.6 | − | 3 | 2 | 80.0 | − | ||||
Alcohol | ||||||||||||||||||
Never | 354 | 106 | 30.0 | 1 | Reference | 102 | 30 | 29.3 | 1 | Reference | 252 | 77 | 30.3 | 1 | Reference | |||
≤A few times/month | 206 | 80 | 39.0 | 1.49 | 0.98 to 2.27 | 0.06 | 123 | 49 | 39.6 | 1.43 | 0.78 to 2.59 | 0.24 | 82 | 31 | 38.1 | 1.79 | 1.01 to 3.19 | 0.046 |
≥A few times/week or everyday | 130 | 65 | 50.4 | 2.14 | 1.28 to 3.58 | <0.01 | 110 | 54 | 49.5 | 2.28 | 1.24 to 4.17 | <0.01 | 20 | 11 | 55.3 | 1.61 | 0.58 to 4.49 | 0.37 |
Physical activity (activities of daily life and sports ≥once a week) | ||||||||||||||||||
Neither | 54 | 25 | 46.2 | 1 | Reference | 16 | 8 | 46.9 | − | 38 | 17 | 45.9 | 1 | Reference | ||||
Either | 497 | 182 | 36.6 | 0.62 | 0.34 to 1.15 | 0.13 | 215 | 96 | 44.7 | − | 282 | 86 | 30.4 | 0.51 | 0.24 to 1.08 | 0.08 | ||
Both | 138 | 45 | 32.5 | 0.66 | 0.32 to 1.35 | 0.25 | 104 | 29 | 28.2 | − | 34 | 15 | 45.5 | 1.60 | 0.54 to 4.71 | 0.40 | ||
Cooking oil intake | ||||||||||||||||||
Low <20.83 mL | 510 | 198 | 38.8 | 1 | Reference | 244 | 103 | 42.2 | − | 266 | 95 | 35.7 | − | |||||
High ≥20.83 mL | 177 | 54 | 30.5 | 0.71 | 0.48 to 1.07 | 0.10 | 92 | 30 | 33.1 | − | 85 | 24 | 27.7 | − | ||||
Don't know | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | − | − | − | − | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | − | |||||||
No data | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | − | − | − | − | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | − | |||||||
Sugar intake | ||||||||||||||||||
Low <28.0 g | 353 | 136 | 38.6 | 1 | Reference | 168 | 70 | 42.0 | − | 185 | 66 | 35.6 | − | |||||
High ≥28.0 g | 335 | 114 | 33.9 | 0.79 | 0.56 to 1.12 | 0.18 | 167 | 62 | 37.0 | − | 168 | 52 | 30.9 | − | ||||
No data | 2 | 2 | 100.0 | − | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | − | 1 | 1 | 100.0 | − | ||||||
Clinical characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||||||||
Normal (<25) | 505 | 167 | 33.1 | 1 | Reference | 281 | 106 | 37.9 | 1 | Reference | 224 | 61 | 27.1 | 1 | Reference | |||
Overweight/obese (≥25) | 185 | 85 | 46.0 | 1.83 | 1.24 to 2.71 | <0.01 | 54 | 27 | 49.1 | 1.73 | 0.91 to 3.29 | 0.09 | 130 | 58 | 44.7 | 1.98 | 1.18 to 3.29 | <0.01 |
HbA1c | ||||||||||||||||||
Normal (<5.7) | 404 | 144 | 35.6 | 1 | Reference | 222 | 89 | 40.1 | − | 182 | 55 | 30.1 | 1 | Reference | ||||
High risk (5.7–6.4) | 266 | 96 | 36.1 | 1.05 | 0.73 to 1.50 | 0.80 | 111 | 42 | 38.1 | − | 156 | 54 | 34.7 | 1.02 | 0.61 to 1.71 | 0.93 | ||
Diabetes (≥6.5) | 18 | 12 | 65.7 | 2.69 | 0.91 to 7.96 | 0.07 | 3 | 2 | 66.7 | − | 15 | 10 | 65.5 | 2.33 | 0.68 to 7.96 | 0.18 | ||
No data | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | − | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | − | |||||||
Medical history (self-reported) | ||||||||||||||||||
HIV status (self-reported) | ||||||||||||||||||
Negative | 618 | 232 | 37.6 | 1 | Reference | 307 | 124 | 40.4 | − | 311 | 108 | 34.9 | 1 | Reference | ||||
Positive | 71 | 20 | 27.3 | 0.53 | 0.29 to 0.96 | 0.04 | 28 | 9.25 | 32.7 | − | 43 | 10 | 23.8 | 0.54 | 0.24 to 1.24 | 0.15 |
Data are numbers (%).
Totals of percentages may differ from 100 due to rounding. Weighted values are rounded to the nearest integer.
Hypertension is defined as SBP 140 ≥mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg.
No data’ and ‘don't know’ were excluded from statistical test.
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure.