Secondary outcomes
| Control group (n=158) | Family presence group (n=160) | Effect of family presence, p value | Effect of leadership, p value | |
| Chest compression | ||||
| Time interval to start of CPR (s) | 14 (10–16) | 15 (11–20) | 0.001 | 0.56 |
| Start of CPR with massage (teams) | 149/158 | 146/160 | 0.39 | 0.71 |
| Start of CPR with defibrillation (teams) | 8/158 | 13/160 | 0.37 | 0.84 |
| Any pause in CPR >10 s (teams) | 29/158 | 30/160 | 0.93 | 0.20 |
| Any pause in CPR >10 s (episodes) | 33 | 32 | 0.79 | 0.57 |
| For rhythm analysis/defibrillation | 11/33 | 14/32 | 0.27 | 0.59 |
| For airway management | 22/33 | 18/32 | 0.51 | 0.53 |
| Chest compression rates (strokes/min) | 120 (115–125) | 119 (111–127) | 0.23 | 0.54 |
| Compression rates <100/min (teams) | 6/158 | 11/160 | 0.32 | 0.95 |
| Within-team variance in four cycles (%) | 10 (7–14) | 11 (7–15) | 0.19 | 0.07 |
| Change overs (n) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.89 | 0.65 |
| Defibrillation | ||||
| Time of first defibrillation (s) | 62 (47–102) | 72 (52–99) | 0.49 | 0.15 |
| VF not recognised ≥once (teams) | 10/158 | 3/160 | 0.14 | 0.08 |
| Single shock defibrillation only (teams) | 157/158 | 159/160 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Shock with adequate energy (teams) | 158/158 | 158/160 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Restart CPR ≥4 s ≥once (teams) | 50/158 | 53/160 | 0.78 | 0.45 |
| Restart CPR ≥4 s (episodes) | 64 | 68 | 0.79 | 0.24 |
| Airway management | ||||
| Advanced airway management (teams) | 153/158 | 156/160 | 0.47 | 0.59 |
| Endotracheal tube: supraglottic airway | 52:101 | 67:89 | 0.21 | 0.83 |
| Timing of AAM (in cycle 1:2:3:4) | 40:97:14:2 | 41:95:18:2 | 0.90 | 0.18 |
| Ventilation rate before AAM (b/min) | 6 (4–10) | 4 (4–8) | 0.09 | 0.42 |
| Ventilation rate after AAM (b/min) | 17 (11–24) | 17 (11–25) | 0.97 | 0.59 |
| Medication | ||||
| Epinephrine administered (teams) | 108/158 | 114/160 | 0.56 | 0.42 |
| Correct dose administered (teams) | 108/108 | 114/114 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Second dose after 3–5 min (teams) | 3/15 | 4/15 | 0.67 | 0.97 |
| Amiodarone administered (teams) | 132/158 | 133/160 | 0.64 | 0.32 |
| Correct dose administered (teams) | 132/132 | 133/133 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| Administered after epinephrine AND third shock (teams) | 50/132 | 50/133 | 0.90 | 0.89 |
| Administered before epinephrine (teams) | 80/132 | 82/133 | 0.91 | 0.43 |
| Incorrect ACLS drug administered (teams) | 0/158 | 0/160 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Data are medians (IQR). AAM, advanced airway management.
ACLS, Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; VF, Ventricular fibrillation.