Table 4

Characteristics of DPFs with overall low RoB

Author	Year	RoB	Population	Study design	Timing	Index	Outcomes
Palsdottir24	2019	Diag. PROBAST	Localised PCa	Observational study	Pre treatment	S3M-MRI (Stockholm3 +PI RADS)	csPCa diagnosis
Guinney22	2017	Prog. PROBAST	mCRPC	RCT	Post treatment	ePCR model	OS
Joniau23	2017	Prog. PROBAST	Locally advanced PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	Gleason score +PSA	Adverse pathological features at RP; LNI
Hagiwara20	2017	QUADAS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Pre-treatment	WFA-reactive glycan-carrying PSA-Gi	PCa diagnosis, PSA-free survival
Kelly21	2015	QUADAS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Pre-treatment	miR-141, –145, −155, let7a	PCa diagnosis
Aguilera25	2015	QUIPS	High risk PCa	Observational study	Pre and post treatment	Age, rectal examination, PSA, biopsy Gleason score, uni/bilateral tumour, affected cylinder percentage) and postoperative	BCR
Alvim27	2019	QUIPS	Metastatic PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	PSA response (PSA reduction ≥50%)	OS, PFS
Bramhecha26	2019	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	PTEN deletion	BCR
Bruce28	2016	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	AZGP1 expression	BR-free survival, CR-free survival, PC-specific death
Francini29	2018	QUIPS	mHSPC	Observational study	Post-treatment	Volume	OS, time to CRPC
Hamada30	2016	QUIPS	High risk PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	PSA, PSA density (PSAD), PSAD of the transition zone, percentage of positive cores (PPC), prostate volume, TZ volume, Gleason score, PPC from the dominant side	BCR
Hashimoto31	2020	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	Micro-lymphatic invasion, Gleason	BCR
Hung57	2017	QUIPS	mCRPC	Observational study	Post-treatment	Neurovascular bundle preservation, blood loss, pT stage, pN stage, pGS, PNI, angiolymphatic invasion, tumour amount in specimen, ECE, PSM, SVI, Bladder neck invasion, Foley duration, post-op undetectable PSA	BCR
Kato32	2018	QUIPS	High risk PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	LC/IDC	PFS, CSS
Kluth33	2014	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post-treatment	No of lymph nodes	BCR
Lara34	2014	QUIPS Validated	mCRPC	RCT	Post treatment	Bone resorption and formation	OS
Lee35	2016	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	Positive surgical margin status and bilateral seminal vesicle invasion	BCR
Lévesque36	2019	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	UGT2B17 expression	BCR
Lin37	2017	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	Aberrant Promoter Methylation of Protocadherin8 (PCDH8)	BCR-free survival
Löffeler38	2015	QUIPS	mCRPC	Observational study	Anytime	PSA doubling time, PSA nadir during ADT, haemoglobin and alkaline phosphatase levels at CRPC	OS
Narang39	2017	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Anytime	PSA: End-of-radiation PSA	BCR-free survival, MFS, CSS, OS
Ozden40	2017	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	Age	RRP specimen, BCR, and BCR-free survival rates
Pei41	2016	QUIPS	CRPC	Observational study	Pre and during treatment	Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio	OS, PFS
Qu42	2016	QUIPS	mPCa and CRPC	Observational study	Pre treatment	AR-V7	Time to CRPC / CRPC: CSS
Qu43	2017	QUIPS	PCa	Observational study	Pre and during treatment	AR-V7	OS
Rüenauver44	2014	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	YWHAZ	OS
Shimodaira45	2020	QUIPS	Metastatic PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	Value of platelet counts	Disease specific survival
Strand46	2015	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	5-hydroxymethylcytosine score	BCR
Takagi47	2017	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	Age, T stage, % of pos cores, Gleason score, PSA, Total ADT	BCR-free survival
Wang48	2016	QUIPS	PCa	Observational study	Post treatment	Platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR)	PLR with PFS, CSS and OS n/a
Zacho49	2017	QUIPS	Localised PCa	Observational study	Anytime	Bone scan index	Time to CRPC
Berg50	2014	QUIPS validated	Under Active Surveillance	Observational study		ERG immunohisto-chemical staining	Overall AS progression, histopathologic progression

ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; AS, Active Surveillance; BCR, biochemical recurrence; CSS, cancer-specific survival; DFPs, diagnostic and prognostic factors; mCRPC, metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer; n/a, not available; OS, overall survival; PCa, prostate cancer; PFS, progression-free survival; PI-RADS, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System; PROBAST, Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool; PSA, Prostate Specific Antigen; PTEN, Phosphatase and tensin homolog; QUADAS, Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies; QUIPS, Quality in Prognostic Studies; RCT, Randomised control trial; RoB, risk of bias; WFA, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin.