Table 2

ORs and 95% CIs of patient and physician level determinants of initial stress testing strategy

Variable	Modality (vs GXT)	Adjusted OR	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	P value
Patient-level factors
Year of test
	MPI	0.96	0.94	0.98	0.0004
	Stress echo	1.27	1.25	1.30	<0.0001
Age group (years)
51–60	MPI	1.92	1.82	2.03	<0.0001
61–70	MPI	2.70	2.54	2.87	<0.0001
70+	MPI	4.74	4.42	5.08	<0.0001
51–60	Stress echo	1.10	1.03	1.18	0.003
61–70	Stress echo	1.20	1.12	1.30	<0.0001
70+	Stress echo	1.26	1.15	1.38	<0.0001
Distance from physician (km)
5.1–10	MPI	1.08	1.02	1.14	0.008
10.1–20	MPI	1.08	1.01	1.14	0.016
20.1+	MPI	1.14	1.07	1.21	<0.0001
5.1–10	Stress echo	1.02	0.95	1.10	0.52
10.1–20	Stress echo	1.02	0.94	1.10	0.66
20.1+	Stress echo	1.00	0.93	1.08	0.96
Male sex
	MPI	0.80	0.77	0.83	<0.0001
	Stress echo	0.78	0.74	0.82	<0.0001
History of cancer
	MPI	1.38	1.28	1.48	<0.0001
	Stress echo	1.09	0.99	1.21	0.081
COPD	MPI	1.58	1.42	1.76	<0.0001
	Stress echo	1.23	1.07	1.42	0.0048
Diabetes mellitus	MPI	1.70	1.61	1.80	<0.0001
	Stress echo	1.15	1.07	1.24	0.0003
Dyslipidaemia	MPI	1.02	0.97	1.06	0.51
	Stress echo	1.02	0.97	1.09	0.41
Rural location	MPI	1.27	1.14	1.40	<0.0001
	Stress echo	1.03	0.91	1.16	0.67
Neighbourhood income quintile (vs quintile 1, lowest)
2	MPI	0.94	0.88	1.00	0.047
3	MPI	0.89	0.83	0.95	0.0003
4	MPI	0.84	0.79	0.90	<0.0001
5	MPI	0.80	0.75	0.85	<0.0001
2	Stress echo	0.98	0.90	1.06	0.65
3	Stress echo	0.98	0.91	1.07	0.69
4	Stress echo	1.02	0.94	1.11	0.65
5	Stress echo	0.97	0.89	1.05	0.47
Physician-level factors
Referring physician specialty
Cardiovascular diseases	MPI	7.35	5.38	10.03	<0.001
Family practice	MPI	0.12	0.09	0.14	<0.001
Internal medicine	MPI	2.48	1.73	3.55	<0.001
Cardiovascular diseases	Stress echo	2.80	1.97	3.99	<0.001
Family practice	Stress echo	1.10	0.85	1.43	0.46
Internal medicine	Stress echo	1.00	0.61	1.64	0.99
Years since graduation from medical school
11–20	MPI	1.26	1.10	1.43	<0.001
21–30	MPI	1.33	1.14	1.55	<0.001
>30	MPI	1.15	0.96	1.39	0.122
11–20	Stress echo	1.02	0.87	1.20	0.80
21–30	Stress echo	0.98	0.81	1.18	0.83
>30	Stress echo	1.45	1.17	1.80	<0.001
Male sex of the referring physician
	MPI	0.99	0.84	1.18	0.94
	Stress echo	0.61	0.50	0.75	<0.0001

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GXT, graded exercise stress test; MPI, myocardial perfusion imaging; stress echo, stress echocardiography.