Clinical characteristics of the study cohort at admission to hospital and outcomes
| Variables | Total (n=4645) |
| Men | 3386 (72.9) |
| Women | 1259 (27.1) |
| Age (mean, years) | 45.9±18.0 |
| Age groups | |
| <30 | 1125 (24.2) |
| 30–49 | 1397 (30.1) |
| 50–69 | 1650 (35.5) |
| 70+ | 473 (10.2) |
| Family members/house | |
| 1–4 | 2395 (51.2) |
| 5–9 | 2000 (42.8) |
| ≥10 | 281 (6.0) |
| Educational status | |
| Illiterate or up to primary education | 1424 (30.5) |
| Secondary school and/or higher secondary education | 1538 (32.9) |
| Some college | 1667 (35.7) |
| Tobacco or smoking (ever) | 1369 (29.5) |
| Medical comorbidities | 1335 (28.6) |
| Hypertension | 831 (17.8) |
| Pulmonary disease | 193 (4.1) |
| Type 2 diabetes | 777 (16.6) |
| Thyroid disease | 38 (0.8) |
| Heart disease | 75 (1.6) |
| Neurological disease | 15 (0.3) |
| Current or past tuberculosis | 106 (2.3) |
| Duration of symptoms at admission (days) | |
| Clinical findings | |
| Pulse rate/min | 83.9±11.4 |
| Systolic BP mm Hg | 125.4±12.2 |
| Diastolic BP mm Hg | 82.8±8.1 |
| Respiratory rate/min | 19.0±3.7 |
| SpO2 at admission | |
| ≥95% | 2144 (70.0) |
| 90%–94% | 561 (18.3) |
| <90% | 357 (11.7) |
| Laboratory Investigations (biochemistry n=867; haematology n=4456) | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.95+0.50 |
| SGOT, IU | 44.9±96.5 |
| SGPT, IU | 43.4±56.2 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 136.1±12.5 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 5.4±1.1 |
| Haemoglobin (gm/dL) | 12.7±2.3 |
| White cells (109 cells/L) | 7527±3830 |
| Lymphocytes (109 cells/L) | 1589±1325 |
| Lymphocyte/neutrophil ratio | 0.36±0.32 |
| Outcome measures | |
| Mean duration of hospital stay (days) | 6.8±3.7 |
| Oxygen requirement | 861 (18.4) |
| High flow O2/non-invasive ventilation | 334 (7.1) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 169 (3.6) |
| Recovered | 4217 (90.2) |
| Referred | 119 (2.5) |
| Deaths | 340 (7.3) |
Numbers ± indicate 1 SD; Numbers in parentheses are percent.
BP, blood pressure; SGOT, serum glutamic oxalate transferase; SGPT, serum glutamic pyruvate transferase; SpO2, saturation of peripheral oxygen.