Risk group at admission* | ||||||||
Total n=359 | Data missing† n=31 | Low n=45 | Intermediate n=75 | High n=179 | Very high n=29 | P value (unadjusted) | Adjusted p value‡ | |
Age, median (IQR) | 71 (53–83) | 53 (32.5–61.5) | 42 (34–46) | 57 (48.5–64.5) | 79 (72–86) | 83 (80–90) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
Male, n (%) | 217 (60) | 19 (61) | 27 (60) | 38 (51) | 110 (61) | 23 (79) | 0.116¶ | >1 |
Comorbidities, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–3) | 3 (2–5) | 4 (3–5) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
Cardiac disease, n (%) | 106 (30) | 4 (13) | 0 | 9 (12) | 79 (44) | 14 (48) | <0.001¶ | <0.001 |
COPD, n (%) | 68 (19) | 2 (6) | 0 | 9 (12) | 47 (26) | 10 (34) | <0.001¶ | <0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 97 (27) | 6 (19) | 2 (4) | 17 (23) | 62 (35) | 10 (34) | <0.001¶ | 0.014685 |
Dementia, n (%) | 20 (6) | 1 (3) | 0 | 2 (3) | 14 (8) | 3 (10) | 0.1276¶ | >1 |
HIV, n (%) | 4 (1) | 2 (6) | 0 | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 0 | 0.0522¶ | >1 |
Cancer, n (%) | 17 (5) | 0 | 0 | 3 (4) | 10 (6) | 4 (14) | 0.05122¶ | >1 |
Neural disease, n (%) | 89 (25) | 4 (13) | 1 (2) | 9 (12) | 66 (37) | 32 | <0.001¶ | <0.001 |
Obesity, n (%) | 96 (27) | 6 (19) | 7 (16) | 21 (28) | 54 (30) | 8 (28) | 0.2997¶ | >1 |
Renal disease, n (%) | 100 (28) | 5 (16) | 0 | 4 (5) | 74 (41) | 17 (59) | <0.001¶ | <0.001 |
Thromboembolism, n (%) | 1 (<1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0.4341¶ | >1 |
O2 saturation*, median (IQR), % | 96 (94–97) | 97.5 (96–99.25) | 97 (96–98) | 96 (94–97) | 96 (94–97) | 94 (91–96) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
Respiration rate*, median (IQR) | 20 (18–23) | 22.5 (18–30.5) | 19 (18–20) | 20 (18–22.5) | 20 (18–22) | 24 (22– 30) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
CRP*, median (IQR) | 88 (31–158.8) | 168.5 (42.3–236) | 33 (14–66) | 105 (33.5–164) | 82 (31–141.5) | 158 (112–240) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
Urea*, median (IQR) | 7 (4.9–11.8) | 5.25 (3–7.8) | 4.4 (3–5.4) | 5.2 (4.15–6.4) | 9.4 (6.9–13.8) | 19.8 (15–23.7) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
Deaths, n (%) | 149 (42) | 6 (19) | 1 (2) | 14 (19) | 101 (56) | 27 (93) | <0.001¶ | <0.001 |
Discharges, n (%) | 210 (58) | 25 (81) | 44 (98) | 61 (81) | 78 (44) | 2 (7) | <0.001¶ | <0.001 |
Days symptoms to admission, median (IQR) | 4 (1–8) | 5 (1–8.5) | 6 (2–9) | 7 (3.5–11) | 3 (1–7) | 4 (1–7) | <0.001§ | 0.015169 |
Days admission to outcome, median (IQR) | 8 (4–16) | 3 (0–10.5) | 4 (1–9) | 9 (6–19.5) | 10 (6–20.5) | 4 (2–7) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
Days symptoms to outcome, median (IQR) | 15 (8–24) | 10 (3–21) | 12 (7–19) | 17 (12–26) | 16 (9–30) | 8 (6–16) | <0.001§ | <0.001 |
*Based on first available values within 1 day after admission. Participants were classified based on these scores as either: low risk (weighted risk score 0–3); intermediate (score 4–8); high (score 9–14); or very high (score >14) risk; .
†Features needed to derive risk score at admission were missing for some patients.
‡Adjusted for multiple testing using Bonferroni correction.
§Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test.
¶Pearson’s χ2 test.
CRP, C reactive protein.