Risk of bias tools to be used in the review, depending on study design
| Study design | Risk of bias tool |
| Randomised controlled trial | RoB 2: a revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomised trials49 |
| Observational studies | Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomised Studies (RoBANS)50 |
*RCTs that have been analysed as a cohort study (ie, reporting on the association between PAct and outcomes, regardless of study group allocation) will be assessed using the RoBANS tool. If the data we extract depend on study group allocation, we will use the RoB 2 tool.
PAct, patient activation; RCT, randomised controlled trial.