Characteristic | Incident loop diuretic use | No incident loop diuretic use | D value | Incident thiazide diuretic use | No incident thiazide diuretic use | D value |
(N=5217) | (N=42 449) | (N=5941) | (N=41 725) | |||
Mean age (year), (SD) | 76.0 (11.3) | 70.1 (12.7) | 0.49 | 70.8 (11.3) | 70.7 (12.9) | 0.00 |
Women, n (%) | 2398 (46.0) | 20 996 (49.5) | 0.02 | 3123 (52.6) | 20 271 (48.6) | 0.03 |
Race, n (%) | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||||
White | 4028 (77.2) | 31 085 (73.2) | 4282 (72.1) | 30 831 (73.9) | ||
Black | 409 (7.8) | 3726 (8.8) | 678 (11.4) | 3457 (8.3) | ||
Asian/Pacific Islander | 583 (11.2) | 4961 (11.7) | 642 (10.8) | 4902 (11.7) | ||
Native American | 18 (0.3) | 126 (0.3) | 20 (0.3) | 124 (0.3) | ||
Other | 33 (0.6) | 231 (0.5) | 37 (0.6) | 227 (0.5) | ||
Unknown | 146 (2.8) | 2320 (5.5) | 282 (4.7) | 2184 (5.2) | ||
Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 483 (9.3) | 3642 (8.6) | 0.01 | 543 (9.1) | 3582 (8.6) | 0.01 |
Current or former smoker, n (%) | 2547 (48.8) | 17 347 (40.9) | 0.05 | 2551 (42.9) | 17 343 (41.6) | 0.01 |
Cardiovascular history, n (%) | ||||||
Acute myocardial infarction | 162 (3.1) | 605 (1.4) | 0.04 | 79 (1.3) | 688 (1.6) | 0.01 |
Unstable angina | 81 (1.6) | 305 (0.7) | 0.03 | 54 (0.9) | 332 (0.8) | 0.00 |
Heart failure | 304 (5.8) | 586 (1.4) | 0.10 | 95 (1.6) | 795 (1.9) | 0.01 |
Mitral or aortic valvular disease | 481 (9.2) | 1274 (3.0) | 0.10 | 206 (3.5) | 1549 (3.7) | 0.00 |
Rheumatic heart disease | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.0) | 0.01 | 1 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 0.00 |
Atrial fibrillation and/or flutter | 664 (12.7) | 2234 (5.3) | 0.10 | 294 (4.9) | 2604 (6.2) | 0.02 |
Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation | 16 (0.3) | 45 (0.1) | 0.02 | 12 (0.2) | 49 (0.1) | 0.01 |
Hospitalised ischaemic stroke | 82 (1.6) | 365 (0.9) | 0.02 | 43 (0.7) | 404 (1.0) | 0.01 |
Transient ischaemic attack | 114 (2.2) | 513 (1.2) | 0.03 | 86 (1.4) | 541 (1.3) | 0.00 |
Intracranial haemorrhage | 24 (0.5) | 169 (0.4) | 0.00 | 16 (0.3) | 177 (0.4) | 0.01 |
Peripheral artery disease | 68 (1.3) | 314 (0.7) | 0.02 | 43 (0.7) | 339 (0.8) | 0.00 |
Cardiac procedure history, n (%) | ||||||
Coronary artery bypass surgery | 45 (0.9) | 221 (0.5) | 0.01 | 42 (0.7) | 224 (0.5) | 0.01 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 193 (3.7) | 724 (1.7) | 0.05 | 116 (2.0) | 801 (1.9) | 0.00 |
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 19 (0.4) | 33 (0.1) | 0.03 | 3 (0.1) | 49 (0.1) | 0.01 |
Pacemaker | 64 (1.2) | 163 (0.4) | 0.04 | 22 (0.4) | 205 (0.5) | 0.01 |
Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 1660 (31.8) | 7975 (18.8) | 0.10 | 1545 (26.0) | 8090 (19.4) | 0.05 |
Hypertension | 3639 (69.8) | 20 838 (49.1) | 0.13 | 3753 (63.2) | 20 724 (49.7) | 0.09 |
Dyslipidaemia | 3491 (66.9) | 25 025 (59.0) | 0.05 | 3763 (63.3) | 24 753 (59.3) | 0.03 |
Chronic liver disease | 106 (2.0) | 619 (1.5) | 0.01 | 98 (1.6) | 627 (1.5) | 0.00 |
Chronic lung disease | 1136 (21.8) | 6676 (15.7) | 0.05 | 1002 (16.9) | 6810 (16.3) | 0.00 |
Hyperthyroidism | 123 (2.4) | 979 (2.3) | 0.00 | 131 (2.2) | 971 (2.3) | 0.00 |
Hypothyroidism | 984 (18.9) | 6800 (16.0) | 0.02 | 980 (16.5) | 6804 (16.3) | 0.00 |
Systemic cancer | 383 (7.3) | 2377 (5.6) | 0.02 | 300 (5.0) | 2460 (5.9) | 0.01 |
Hospitalisation for bleeding | 129 (2.5) | 485 (1.1) | 0.04 | 80 (1.3) | 534 (1.3) | 0.00 |
Diagnosed dementia | 234 (4.5) | 1633 (3.8) | 0.01 | 117 (2.0) | 1750 (4.2) | 0.04 |
Diagnosed depression | 684 (13.1) | 5511 (13.0) | 0.00 | 694 (11.7) | 5501 (13.2) | 0.01 |
Body mass index, kg/m2, n (%) | 0.06 | 0.07 | ||||
<18.5 | 80 (1.5) | 589 (1.4) | 61 (1.0) | 608 (1.5) | ||
18.5–24.9 | 1410 (27.0) | 12 410 (29.2) | 1374 (23.1) | 12 446 (29.8) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 1787 (34.3) | 15 267 (36.0) | 2070 (34.8) | 14 984 (35.9) | ||
30.0–39.9 | 1341 (25.7) | 9401 (22.1) | 1669 (28.1) | 9073 (21.7) | ||
≥40.0 | 213 (4.1) | 791 (1.9) | 183 (3.1) | 821 (2.0) | ||
Unknown | 386 (7.4) | 3991 (9.4) | 584 (9.8) | 3793 (9.1) | ||
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 129.8 (18.2) | 127.5 (16.3) | 0.13 | 135.2 (18.4) | 126.7 (16.0) | 0.49 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 70.8 (10.8) | 72.6 (10.5) | 0.18 | 75.2 (11.6) | 72.0 (10.4) | 0.29 |
Baseline medication use, n (%) | ||||||
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 1992 (38.2) | 11 520 (27.1) | 0.08 | 2005 (33.7) | 11 507 (27.6) | 0.05 |
Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 523 (10.0) | 2624 (6.2) | 0.05 | 468 (7.9) | 2679 (6.4) | 0.02 |
β-blocker | 2486 (47.7) | 12 666 (29.8) | 0.12 | 2117 (35.6) | 13 035 (31.2) | 0.03 |
Calcium channel blocker | 1234 (23.7) | 5545 (13.1) | 0.09 | 1041 (17.5) | 5738 (13.8) | 0.04 |
Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 99 (1.9) | 349 (0.8) | 0.03 | 49 (0.8) | 399 (1.0) | 0.00 |
Isosorbide dinitrate + hydralazine | 12 (0.2) | 13 (0.0) | 0.03 | 4 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) | 0.00 |
Hydralazine | 115 (2.2) | 323 (0.8) | 0.05 | 55 (0.9) | 383 (0.9) | 0.00 |
Nitrate | 378 (7.2) | 989 (2.3) | 0.09 | 163 (2.7) | 1204 (2.9) | 0.00 |
Alpha blocker | 729 (14.0) | 3946 (9.3) | 0.05 | 534 (9.0) | 4141 (9.9) | 0.01 |
Digoxin | 214 (4.1) | 665 (1.6) | 0.06 | 91 (1.5) | 788 (1.9) | 0.01 |
Statin | 2791 (53.5) | 17 466 (41.1) | 0.08 | 2632 (44.3) | 17 625 (42.2) | 0.01 |
Other lipid-lowering agent | 290 (5.6) | 1735 (4.1) | 0.02 | 265 (4.5) | 1760 (4.2) | 0.00 |
Antiarrhythmic agent | 151 (2.9) | 460 (1.1) | 0.05 | 72 (1.2) | 539 (1.3) | 0.00 |
Anti-inflammatory drug | 598 (11.5) | 5240 (12.3) | 0.01 | 799 (13.4) | 5039 (12.1) | 0.01 |
Antiplatelet agent | 391 (7.5) | 1564 (3.7) | 0.06 | 233 (3.9) | 1722 (4.1) | 0.00 |
Diabetic therapy | 1277 (24.5) | 5853 (13.8) | 0.09 | 1150 (19.4) | 5980 (14.3) | 0.05 |
Aspirin | 170 (3.3) | 807 (1.9) | 0.03 | 118 (2.0) | 859 (2.1) | 0.00 |
Potassium | 60 (1.2) | 265 (0.6) | 0.02 | 39 (0.7) | 286 (0.7) | 0.00 |
Calcium | 7 (0.1) | 17 (0.0) | 0.01 | 2 (0.0) | 22 (0.1) | 0.00 |
Erythropoietin | 31 (0.6) | 141 (0.3) | 0.01 | 9 (0.2) | 163 (0.4) | 0.01 |
Baseline laboratory values | ||||||
Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 0.12 | 0.03 | ||||
45–59 | 3378 (64.7) | 34 137 (80.4) | 4761 (80.1) | 32 754 (78.5) | ||
0–44 | 1470 (28.2) | 6962 (16.4) | 1051 (17.7) | 7381 (17.7) | ||
15–29 | 369 (7.1) | 1350 (3.2) | 129 (2.2) | 1590 (3.8) | ||
Proteinuria, n (%) | 946 (18.1) | 4286 (10.1) | 0.08 | 716 (12.1) | 4516 (10.8) | 0.01 |
Haemoglobin, g/dL, n (%) | 0.12 | 0.03 | ||||
≥13.0 | 2440 (46.8) | 24 982 (58.9) | 3327 (56.0) | 24 095 (57.7) | ||
12.0–12.9 | 966 (18.5) | 5691 (13.4) | 829 (14.0) | 5828 (14.0) | ||
11.0–11.9 | 620 (11.9) | 2657 (6.3) | 384 (6.5) | 2893 (6.9) | ||
10.0–10.9 | 281 (5.4) | 1027 (2.4) | 144 (2.4) | 1164 (2.8) | ||
9.0–9.9 | 89 (1.7) | 376 (0.9) | 59 (1.0) | 406 (1.0) | ||
<9.0 | 63 (1.2) | 207 (0.5) | 21 (0.4) | 249 (0.6) | ||
Unknown | 758 (14.5) | 7509 (17.7) | 1177 (19.8) | 7090 (17.0) | ||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 176.1 (43.3) | 188.9 (43.8) | 0.29 | 188.9 (45.3) | 187.3 (43.7) | 0.04 |
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 97.9 (34.4) | 108.4 (36.2) | 0.30 | 107.6 (36.2) | 107.2 (36.2) | 0.01 |
High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 48.9 (14.7) | 51.1 (14.8) | 0.15 | 50.4 (14.6) | 50.9 (14.9) | 0.04 |
Serum potassium (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.7 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.4) | 0.18 | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.4) | 0.04 |
White blood cell count (x103), mean (SD) | 7.6 (5.8) | 7.2 (4.9) | 0.07 | 7.3 (2.8) | 7.3 (5.3) | 0.01 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease.