Baseline characteristics of adults with index eGFR 15–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2012 with no prior diuretic use, overall and stratified by incident use of diuretics. Baseline characteristics shown for the composite endpoint analytical cohort, baseline characteristics of the ESRD endpoint cohort are not shown. The D value represents the standardised difference in means or proportions with a value ≥0.10 being significant
| Characteristic | Incident loop diuretic use | No incident loop diuretic use | D value | Incident thiazide diuretic use | No incident thiazide diuretic use | D value |
| (N=5217) | (N=42 449) | (N=5941) | (N=41 725) | |||
| Mean age (year), (SD) | 76.0 (11.3) | 70.1 (12.7) | 0.49 | 70.8 (11.3) | 70.7 (12.9) | 0.00 |
| Women, n (%) | 2398 (46.0) | 20 996 (49.5) | 0.02 | 3123 (52.6) | 20 271 (48.6) | 0.03 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.04 | 0.04 | ||||
| White | 4028 (77.2) | 31 085 (73.2) | 4282 (72.1) | 30 831 (73.9) | ||
| Black | 409 (7.8) | 3726 (8.8) | 678 (11.4) | 3457 (8.3) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 583 (11.2) | 4961 (11.7) | 642 (10.8) | 4902 (11.7) | ||
| Native American | 18 (0.3) | 126 (0.3) | 20 (0.3) | 124 (0.3) | ||
| Other | 33 (0.6) | 231 (0.5) | 37 (0.6) | 227 (0.5) | ||
| Unknown | 146 (2.8) | 2320 (5.5) | 282 (4.7) | 2184 (5.2) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 483 (9.3) | 3642 (8.6) | 0.01 | 543 (9.1) | 3582 (8.6) | 0.01 |
| Current or former smoker, n (%) | 2547 (48.8) | 17 347 (40.9) | 0.05 | 2551 (42.9) | 17 343 (41.6) | 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular history, n (%) | ||||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 162 (3.1) | 605 (1.4) | 0.04 | 79 (1.3) | 688 (1.6) | 0.01 |
| Unstable angina | 81 (1.6) | 305 (0.7) | 0.03 | 54 (0.9) | 332 (0.8) | 0.00 |
| Heart failure | 304 (5.8) | 586 (1.4) | 0.10 | 95 (1.6) | 795 (1.9) | 0.01 |
| Mitral or aortic valvular disease | 481 (9.2) | 1274 (3.0) | 0.10 | 206 (3.5) | 1549 (3.7) | 0.00 |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.0) | 0.01 | 1 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 0.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation and/or flutter | 664 (12.7) | 2234 (5.3) | 0.10 | 294 (4.9) | 2604 (6.2) | 0.02 |
| Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation | 16 (0.3) | 45 (0.1) | 0.02 | 12 (0.2) | 49 (0.1) | 0.01 |
| Hospitalised ischaemic stroke | 82 (1.6) | 365 (0.9) | 0.02 | 43 (0.7) | 404 (1.0) | 0.01 |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 114 (2.2) | 513 (1.2) | 0.03 | 86 (1.4) | 541 (1.3) | 0.00 |
| Intracranial haemorrhage | 24 (0.5) | 169 (0.4) | 0.00 | 16 (0.3) | 177 (0.4) | 0.01 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 68 (1.3) | 314 (0.7) | 0.02 | 43 (0.7) | 339 (0.8) | 0.00 |
| Cardiac procedure history, n (%) | ||||||
| Coronary artery bypass surgery | 45 (0.9) | 221 (0.5) | 0.01 | 42 (0.7) | 224 (0.5) | 0.01 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 193 (3.7) | 724 (1.7) | 0.05 | 116 (2.0) | 801 (1.9) | 0.00 |
| Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 19 (0.4) | 33 (0.1) | 0.03 | 3 (0.1) | 49 (0.1) | 0.01 |
| Pacemaker | 64 (1.2) | 163 (0.4) | 0.04 | 22 (0.4) | 205 (0.5) | 0.01 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1660 (31.8) | 7975 (18.8) | 0.10 | 1545 (26.0) | 8090 (19.4) | 0.05 |
| Hypertension | 3639 (69.8) | 20 838 (49.1) | 0.13 | 3753 (63.2) | 20 724 (49.7) | 0.09 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 3491 (66.9) | 25 025 (59.0) | 0.05 | 3763 (63.3) | 24 753 (59.3) | 0.03 |
| Chronic liver disease | 106 (2.0) | 619 (1.5) | 0.01 | 98 (1.6) | 627 (1.5) | 0.00 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1136 (21.8) | 6676 (15.7) | 0.05 | 1002 (16.9) | 6810 (16.3) | 0.00 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 123 (2.4) | 979 (2.3) | 0.00 | 131 (2.2) | 971 (2.3) | 0.00 |
| Hypothyroidism | 984 (18.9) | 6800 (16.0) | 0.02 | 980 (16.5) | 6804 (16.3) | 0.00 |
| Systemic cancer | 383 (7.3) | 2377 (5.6) | 0.02 | 300 (5.0) | 2460 (5.9) | 0.01 |
| Hospitalisation for bleeding | 129 (2.5) | 485 (1.1) | 0.04 | 80 (1.3) | 534 (1.3) | 0.00 |
| Diagnosed dementia | 234 (4.5) | 1633 (3.8) | 0.01 | 117 (2.0) | 1750 (4.2) | 0.04 |
| Diagnosed depression | 684 (13.1) | 5511 (13.0) | 0.00 | 694 (11.7) | 5501 (13.2) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, n (%) | 0.06 | 0.07 | ||||
| <18.5 | 80 (1.5) | 589 (1.4) | 61 (1.0) | 608 (1.5) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 1410 (27.0) | 12 410 (29.2) | 1374 (23.1) | 12 446 (29.8) | ||
| 25.0–29.9 | 1787 (34.3) | 15 267 (36.0) | 2070 (34.8) | 14 984 (35.9) | ||
| 30.0–39.9 | 1341 (25.7) | 9401 (22.1) | 1669 (28.1) | 9073 (21.7) | ||
| ≥40.0 | 213 (4.1) | 791 (1.9) | 183 (3.1) | 821 (2.0) | ||
| Unknown | 386 (7.4) | 3991 (9.4) | 584 (9.8) | 3793 (9.1) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 129.8 (18.2) | 127.5 (16.3) | 0.13 | 135.2 (18.4) | 126.7 (16.0) | 0.49 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 70.8 (10.8) | 72.6 (10.5) | 0.18 | 75.2 (11.6) | 72.0 (10.4) | 0.29 |
| Baseline medication use, n (%) | ||||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 1992 (38.2) | 11 520 (27.1) | 0.08 | 2005 (33.7) | 11 507 (27.6) | 0.05 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 523 (10.0) | 2624 (6.2) | 0.05 | 468 (7.9) | 2679 (6.4) | 0.02 |
| β-blocker | 2486 (47.7) | 12 666 (29.8) | 0.12 | 2117 (35.6) | 13 035 (31.2) | 0.03 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1234 (23.7) | 5545 (13.1) | 0.09 | 1041 (17.5) | 5738 (13.8) | 0.04 |
| Aldosterone receptor antagonist | 99 (1.9) | 349 (0.8) | 0.03 | 49 (0.8) | 399 (1.0) | 0.00 |
| Isosorbide dinitrate + hydralazine | 12 (0.2) | 13 (0.0) | 0.03 | 4 (0.1) | 21 (0.1) | 0.00 |
| Hydralazine | 115 (2.2) | 323 (0.8) | 0.05 | 55 (0.9) | 383 (0.9) | 0.00 |
| Nitrate | 378 (7.2) | 989 (2.3) | 0.09 | 163 (2.7) | 1204 (2.9) | 0.00 |
| Alpha blocker | 729 (14.0) | 3946 (9.3) | 0.05 | 534 (9.0) | 4141 (9.9) | 0.01 |
| Digoxin | 214 (4.1) | 665 (1.6) | 0.06 | 91 (1.5) | 788 (1.9) | 0.01 |
| Statin | 2791 (53.5) | 17 466 (41.1) | 0.08 | 2632 (44.3) | 17 625 (42.2) | 0.01 |
| Other lipid-lowering agent | 290 (5.6) | 1735 (4.1) | 0.02 | 265 (4.5) | 1760 (4.2) | 0.00 |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 151 (2.9) | 460 (1.1) | 0.05 | 72 (1.2) | 539 (1.3) | 0.00 |
| Anti-inflammatory drug | 598 (11.5) | 5240 (12.3) | 0.01 | 799 (13.4) | 5039 (12.1) | 0.01 |
| Antiplatelet agent | 391 (7.5) | 1564 (3.7) | 0.06 | 233 (3.9) | 1722 (4.1) | 0.00 |
| Diabetic therapy | 1277 (24.5) | 5853 (13.8) | 0.09 | 1150 (19.4) | 5980 (14.3) | 0.05 |
| Aspirin | 170 (3.3) | 807 (1.9) | 0.03 | 118 (2.0) | 859 (2.1) | 0.00 |
| Potassium | 60 (1.2) | 265 (0.6) | 0.02 | 39 (0.7) | 286 (0.7) | 0.00 |
| Calcium | 7 (0.1) | 17 (0.0) | 0.01 | 2 (0.0) | 22 (0.1) | 0.00 |
| Erythropoietin | 31 (0.6) | 141 (0.3) | 0.01 | 9 (0.2) | 163 (0.4) | 0.01 |
| Baseline laboratory values | ||||||
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 0.12 | 0.03 | ||||
| 45–59 | 3378 (64.7) | 34 137 (80.4) | 4761 (80.1) | 32 754 (78.5) | ||
| 0–44 | 1470 (28.2) | 6962 (16.4) | 1051 (17.7) | 7381 (17.7) | ||
| 15–29 | 369 (7.1) | 1350 (3.2) | 129 (2.2) | 1590 (3.8) | ||
| Proteinuria, n (%) | 946 (18.1) | 4286 (10.1) | 0.08 | 716 (12.1) | 4516 (10.8) | 0.01 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL, n (%) | 0.12 | 0.03 | ||||
| ≥13.0 | 2440 (46.8) | 24 982 (58.9) | 3327 (56.0) | 24 095 (57.7) | ||
| 12.0–12.9 | 966 (18.5) | 5691 (13.4) | 829 (14.0) | 5828 (14.0) | ||
| 11.0–11.9 | 620 (11.9) | 2657 (6.3) | 384 (6.5) | 2893 (6.9) | ||
| 10.0–10.9 | 281 (5.4) | 1027 (2.4) | 144 (2.4) | 1164 (2.8) | ||
| 9.0–9.9 | 89 (1.7) | 376 (0.9) | 59 (1.0) | 406 (1.0) | ||
| <9.0 | 63 (1.2) | 207 (0.5) | 21 (0.4) | 249 (0.6) | ||
| Unknown | 758 (14.5) | 7509 (17.7) | 1177 (19.8) | 7090 (17.0) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 176.1 (43.3) | 188.9 (43.8) | 0.29 | 188.9 (45.3) | 187.3 (43.7) | 0.04 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 97.9 (34.4) | 108.4 (36.2) | 0.30 | 107.6 (36.2) | 107.2 (36.2) | 0.01 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 48.9 (14.7) | 51.1 (14.8) | 0.15 | 50.4 (14.6) | 50.9 (14.9) | 0.04 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.7 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.4) | 0.18 | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.6 (0.4) | 0.04 |
| White blood cell count (x103), mean (SD) | 7.6 (5.8) | 7.2 (4.9) | 0.07 | 7.3 (2.8) | 7.3 (5.3) | 0.01 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease.