Comparison between conservative and interventional management
| Variable | Conservative management n=765 | Interventional management n=246 | P value |
| Age (years)* | 78 (72–83) | 78 (73–83) | 0.524 |
| Age ≥80 years n (%) | 319 (41.7) | 102 (41.5) | 0.948 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 398 (52.0) | 116 (47.2) | 0.184 |
| Clinical history | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index* | 6 (4–8) | 5 (4–8) | 0.155 |
| On PPI therapy, n (%)† | 142 (18.6) | 44 (17.9) | 0.812 |
| On ASA therapy, n (%)† | 131 (17.1) | 37 (15.0) | 0.445 |
| Anticoagulant therapy, n (%)† | 78 (10.2) | 30 (12.2) | 0.377 |
| Shock at ED presentation, n (%) | 61 (8.0) | 15 (6.1) | 0.332 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 295 (38.6) | 98 (39.8) | 0.721 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 75 (9.8) | 39 (15.9) | 0.009 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 27 (3.5) | 3 (1.2) | 0.063 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 75 (9.8) | 38 (15.4) | 0.015 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 117 (15.3) | 29 (11.8) | 0.174 |
| Gastric emergency-related specific conditions, n (%) | |||
| Acute gastritis | 320 (41.8) | 110 (44.7) | 0.426 |
| Gastric ulcer | 108 (14.1) | 35 (14.2) | 0.966 |
| Gastric malignancy | 310 (40.5) | 104 (42.3) | 0.627 |
| Gastric angiodysplasia | 46 (6.0) | 9 (3.7) | 0.157 |
| Gastric fistula | 9 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | 0.288 |
| Gastric perforation | 2 (0.2) | 18 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes n (%) | |||
| Death | 54 (7.1) | 13 (5.3) | 0.330 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 20 (2.6) | 8 (3.3) | 0.596 |
| Sepsis | 59 (7.7) | 12 (4.9) | 0.130 |
| Cumulative major complications‡ | 86 (14.6) | 49 (11.6) | 0.176 |
| Pneumonia | 45 (5.9) | 14 (5.7) | 0.911 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 9.6 (6.5–15.1) | 10.4 (6.9–15.7) | 0.177 |
*Values are expressed as median (IQR).
†Therapy was defined as continuous assumption in the month before ED access.
‡Cumulative major complications include: death, admission to intensive care unit/ventilation and sepsis.
§Hypotension/shock was defined as systolic blood pressure of <100 mm Hg at ED admission.
ASA, aminosalicylic acid; ED, emergency department; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.