Performance of ICD-10 (U07.1) among patient subgroups tested for confirmed COVID-19
| Characteristic | ED visits | Inpatients | Entire cohort | |||
| Sensitivity (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | Sensitivity (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | Sensitivity (95% CI) | PPV (95% CI) | |
| Age, years | ||||||
| ≤18 | 76.55% (73.26% to 79.55%) | 93.55% (91.20% to 95.30%) | 82.18% (73.58% to 88.42%) | 86.36% (77.66% to 92.02%) | 77.07% (73.87% to 79.99%) | 92.63% (90.25% to 94.46%) |
| 19–40 | 79.16% (77.72% to 80.53%) | 90.80% (89.67% to 91.82%) | 89.49% (86.93% to 91.60%) | 89.11% (86.47% to 91.29%) | 79.07% (77.66% to 80.42%) | 90.28% (89.17% to 91.29%) |
| 41–60 | 82.87% (81.59% to 84.08%) | 93.95% (93.06% to 94.74%) | 95.18% (93.82% to 96.25%) | 94.74% (93.28% to 95.90%) | 83.92% (82.69% to 85.07%) | 93.92% (93.05% to 94.69%) |
| 61–80 | 82.27% (80.73% to 83.72%) | 94.92% (93.92% to 95.76%) | 95.17% (94.04% to 96.09%) | 96.09% (94.97% to 96.97%) | 83.89% (82.49% to 85.21%) | 94.57% (93.59% to 95.40%) |
| >80 | 83.06% (80.67% to 85.21%) | 95.21% (93.61% to 96.43%) | 95.56% (94.18% to 96.63%) | 96.26% (94.74% to 97.35%) | 86.94% (85.04% to 88.63%) | 95.20% (93.73% to 96.34%) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 81.22% (80.18% to 82.23%) | 93.14% (92.39% to 93.81%) | 94.77% (93.85% to 95.55%) | 94.56% (93.57% to 95.41%) | 82.76% (81.78% to 83.69% | 92.90% (92.18% to 93.56% |
| Female | 81.31% (80.25% to 82.33%) | 93.56% (92.82% to 94.23%) | 93.48% (92.34% to 94.45%) | 94.40% (93.23% to 95.37%) | 82.19% (81.19% to 83.15% | 93.27% (92.55% to 93.93% |
| Ventilation | ||||||
| Yes | NA | NA | 96.76% (95.00% to 97.92%) | 94.40% (92.17% to 96.03%) | 96.76% (95.00% to 97.92% | 94.40% (92.17% to 96.03% |
| No | NA | NA | 93.81% (93.05% to 94.50%) | 94.33% (93.53% to 95.04%) | 82.29% (81.59% to 82.97% | 93.13% (92.63% to 93.61% |
| ICU admission | ||||||
| Yes | NA | NA | 97.03% (95.71% to 97.95%) | 94.46% (92.71% to 95.81%) | 97.03% (95.71% to 97.95% | 94.46% (92.71% to 95.81% |
| No | NA | NA | 93.48% (92.67% to 94.20%) | 94.30% (93.47% to 95.03%) | 93.48% (92.67% to 94.20% | 94.30% (93.47% to 95.03% |
| Patient discharge status | ||||||
| Alive | 81.30% (80.56% to 82.02%) | 93.37% (92.85% to 93.85%) | 93.67% (92.86% to 94.40%) | 94.15% (93.31% to 94.89%) | 82.09% (81.38% to 82.77%) | 93.07% (92.56% to 93.55%) |
| Dead | 69.23% (50.01% to 83.50%) | 85.00% (63.96% to 94.76%) | 96.19% (94.79% to 97.22%) | 95.71% (94.04% to 96.93%) | 95.48% (94.01% to 96.61%) | 95.44% (93.76% to 96.69%) |
| Academic hospital | ||||||
| Yes | 80.06% (78.07% to 81.91%) | 93.49% (92.07% to 94.67%) | 95.56% (94.08% to 96.69%) | 91.99% (90.00% to 93.61%) | 83.28% (81.52% to 84.90%) | 92.03% (90.63% to 93.23%) |
| No | 81.30% (80.56% to 82.02%) | 93.14% (92.57% to 93.66%) | 93.75% (92.95% to 94.47%) | 94.73% (93.92% to 95.44%) | 81.69% (80.93% to 82.42%) | 93.02% (92.47% to 93.53%) |
| Season change | ||||||
| March–May | 84.60% (82.01% to 86.88%) | 92.54% (90.40% to 94.24%) | 95.83% (93.00% to 97.55%) | 92.42% (88.59% to 95.04%) | 86.22% (83.82% to 88.32%) | 92.38% (90.31% to 94.03%) |
| June–August | 75.25% (72.50% to 77.80%) | 96.09% (94.53% to 97.22%) | 94.28% (91.41% to 96.23%) | 96.39% (93.66% to 97.97%) | 76.73% (74.14% to 79.14%) | 95.75% (94.23% to 96.89%) |
| September–November | 78.62% (77.16% to 80.00%) | 95.33% (94.46% to 96.06%) | 92.50% (90.99% to 93.78%) | 95.55% (94.12% to 96.65%) | 80.20% (78.87% to 81.47%) | 94.82% (93.95% to 95.57%) |
| December–February | 83.15% (82.18% to 84.07%) | 91.66% (90.90% to 92.36%) | 94.44% (93.52% to 95.23%) | 93.97% (92.98% to 94.82%) | 84.05% (83.13% to 84.92%) | 91.54% (90.81% to 92.22%) |
| Symptomatic at test | ||||||
| Yes | 80.10% (78.93% to 81.22%) | 100.00% (99.90% to 100.00%) | 95.40% (94.26% to 96.32%) | 100.00% (99.74% to 100.00%) | 80.95% (79.82% to 82.03%) | 100.00% (99.90% to 100.00%) |
| No | 80.12% (78.03% to 82.06%) | 100.00% (99.68% to 100.00%) | 92.52 (90.39% to 94.21%) | 100.00 (99.36% to 100.00%) | 81.57% (79.64% to 83.36%) | 100.00% (99.97% to 100.00%) |
| Unknown | 75.02% (72.81% to 77.10%) | 100.00% (99.68% to 100.00%) | 91.68% (89.68% to 93.32%) | 100.00% (99.40% to 100.00%) | 77.80% (75.83% to 79.65%) | 100.00% (99.72% to 100.00%) |
| Missing | 86.23% (85.01% to 87.37%) | 80.30% (78.95% to 81.58%) | 94.52% (93.28% to 95.54%) | 83.65% (81.68% to 85.44%) | 86.97% (85.84% to 88.03%) | 79.72% (78.42% to 80.96%) |
ED, emergency department; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision; ICU, intensive care unit; PPV, positive predictive value.