Table 2

Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for associations between county-level and state-level hate crime rates in the USA and individual-level CVD risk factors

Diabetes
(N (event)=602/5351)
OR (95% CI)		Hypertension
(N (event)=1103/4495)
OR (95% CI)		Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2)
(N(event)=622/3605)
OR (95% CI)		Depressive symptoms (CES-D-SF cutoff score ≥8)
(N (event)=672/5205)
OR (95% CI)
County-level hate crimes
All hate crimes0.95 (0.86 to 1.04)1.06 (0.99 to 1.13)1.08 (1.00 to 1.16)*1.03 (0.91 to 1.17)
 Race/ethnicity based0.96 (0.88 to 1.05)1.09 (1.02 to 1.17)*1.08 (1.01 to 1.15)*1.03 (0.90 to 1.19)
  Anti-Black1.00 (0.89 to 1.12)1.08 (1.00 to 1.16)*1.02 (0.95 to 1.10)1.03 (0.91 to 1.17)
  Anti-Hispanic0.99 (0.92 to 1.07)1.06 (0.97 to 1.15)1.06 (0.99 to 1.14)1.07 (0.96 to 1.19)
  Anti-White0.96 (0.89 to 1.03)1.00 (0.93 to 1.07)1.09 (1.01 to 1.18)*1.03 (0.93 to 1.13)
 Sexual orientation based0.91 (0.83 to 1.00)*0.99 (0.88 to 1.12)1.07 (0.94 to 1.21)0.98 (0.90 to 1.07)
 Religion based1.05 (0.93 to 1.18)0.93 (0.86 to 1.00)†0.95 (0.85 to 1.05)1.03 (0.94 to 1.13)
 Disability based0.98 (0.93 to 1.04)1.03 (0.97 to 1.08)1.06 (1.03 to 1.09)‡NA§
State-level hate crimes
All hate crimes1.20 (1.05 to 1.35)¶1.03 (0.94 to 1.13)1.04 (0.92 to 1.18)1.00 (0.90 to 1.12)
 Race/ethnicity based1.15 (1.01 to 1.31)*1.00 (0.92 to 1.09)1.03 (0.90 to 1.17)1.01 (0.90 to 1.13)
  Anti-Black1.19 (1.06 to 1.34)¶1.07 (0.98 to 1.18)1.08 (0.95 to 1.24)1.02 (0.91 to 1.14)
  Anti-Hispanic1.05 (0.92 to 1.20)1.04 (0.97 to 1.12)1.02 (0.88 to 1.18)1.04 (0.93 to 1.17)
  Anti-White1.06 (0.92 to 1.21)0.96 (0.89 to 1.03)0.97 (0.82 to 1.16)1.01 (0.90 to 1.13)
 Sexual orientation based1.23 (1.09 to 1.39)¶1.05 (0.94 to 1.16)0.99 (0.86 to 1.12)1.03 (0.93 to 1.15)
 Religion based1.06 (0.90 to 1.24)1.10 (1.01 to 1.20)*1.09 (0.93 to 1.29)0.97 (0.86 to 1.10)
 Disability based1.02 (0.86 to 1.21)1.03 (0.97 to 1.10)1.14 (1.06 to 1.23)‡NA§

  • *P<0.05.

  • †P=0.06.

  • ‡P<0.001.

  • §Disability-based hate crime reports were not available for the 1991–1996 period.

  • ¶P<0.01.

  • BMI, body mass index; CES-D-SF, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short Form; CVD, cardiovascular disease ; NA, not available.