Regression results
| Dependent variable: week of enrolment | Dependent Variable: # of ANC visits | Dependent variable: SBA | |||||||||
| Explanatory variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| +Need factors | +Enabling factors | +Predisposing factors | Main | +Need factors | +Enabling factors | +Predisposing factors | Main | +Need factors | +Enabling factors | Predisposing factors | |
| Week of enrolment | 0.964*** | 0.965*** | 0.965*** | 0.967*** | 1.028*** | 1.027*** | 1.033*** | 1.033*** | |||
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.005) | ||||
| (0.962 to 0.966) | (0.963 to 0.967) | (0.963 to 0.967) | (0.965 to 0.969) | (1.019 to 1.037) | (1.018 to 1.036) | (1.024 to 1.043) | (1.023 to 1.043) | ||||
| Number of ANC visits | 1.257*** | 1.271*** | 1.339*** | 1.278*** | |||||||
| (0.025) | (0.026) | (0.029) | (0.028) | ||||||||
| (1.209 to 1.308) | (1.221 to 1.323) | (1.283 to 1.397) | (1.223 to 1.335) | ||||||||
| Age | −0.162*** | −0.139*** | −0.121*** | 1.007*** | 1.007*** | 1.004*** | 0.994 | 0.993 | 0.982*** | ||
| (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.019) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |||
| (−0.193 to −0.131) | (−0.170 to −0.108) | (−0.158 to −0.0843) | (1.005 to 1.009) | (1.004 to 1.009) | (1.001 to 1.007) | (0.985 to 1.003) | (0.983 to 1.002) | (0.971 to 0.994) | |||
| Education of household head=at most primary | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Education of household head=secondary | −0.0322 | 0.481** | 0.352 | 1.038** | 1.029* | 1.048*** | 0.826*** | 0.825*** | 0.903 | ||
| (0.207) | (0.223) | (0.225) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.052) | (0.058) | (0.067) | |||
| (−0.438 to 0.374) | (0.0445 to 0.917) | (−0.0895 to 0.793) | (1.006 to 1.071) | (0.995 to 1.065) | (1.013 to 1.083) | (0.731 to 0.934) | (0.718 to 0.948) | (0.781 to 1.045) | |||
| Education of household head=tertiary/ college | −1.360*** | −0.477* | −0.593** | 1.082*** | 1.064*** | 1.088*** | 0.600*** | 0.701*** | 0.805** | ||
| (0.231) | (0.280) | (0.287) | (0.020) | (0.024) | (0.024) | (0.044) | (0.064) | (0.077) | |||
| (−1.813 to −0.906) | (−1.025 to 0.0713) | (−1.155 to −0.0304) | (1.043 to 1.122) | (1.019 to 1.111) | (1.041 to 1.137) | (0.519 to 0.693) | (0.587 to 0.838) | (0.668 to 0.971) | |||
| Poor wealth quantile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Middle wealth quantile | −1.272*** | −1.255*** | 1.010 | 1.016 | 0.743*** | 0.798*** | |||||
| (0.255) | (0.254) | (0.020) | (0.019) | (0.060) | (0.067) | ||||||
| (−1.772 to −0.773) | (−1.752 to −0.758) | (0.972 to 1.049) | (0.979 to 1.055) | (0.634 to 0.871) | (0.676 to 0.942) | ||||||
| Rich wealth quantile | −1.257*** | −1.308*** | 0.989 | 1.007 | 0.701*** | 0.766*** | |||||
| (0.288) | (0.288) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.064) | (0.073) | ||||||
| (−1.822 to −0.693) | (−1.872 to −0.744) | (0.948 to 1.033) | (0.966 to 1.051) | (0.586 to 0.838) | (0.636 to 0.923) | ||||||
| County=Nairobi | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| County=Kakamega | −0.699*** | −0.719*** | 1.128*** | 1.139*** | 0.360*** | 0.379*** | |||||
| (0.244) | (0.244) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.030) | (0.033) | ||||||
| (−1.177 to −0.221) | (−1.198 to −0.240) | (1.086 to 1.172) | (1.097 to 1.182) | (0.305 to 0.424) | (0.320 to 0.449) | ||||||
| County=Kisumu | 0.944*** | 0.831*** | 0.977 | 0.985 | 0.423*** | 0.392*** | |||||
| (0.229) | (0.229) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.031) | (0.030) | ||||||
| (0.495 to 1.393) | (0.382 to 1.279) | (0.944 to 1.012) | (0.951 to 1.019) | (0.366 to 0.490) | (0.337 to 0.455) | ||||||
| Short distance (travel time <30 min) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
| Long distance (travel time≥30 min) | 0.659*** | 0.681*** | 0.964*** | 0.962*** | 1.261*** | 1.255*** | |||||
| (0.183) | (0.182) | (0.014) | (0.013) | (0.074) | (0.076) | ||||||
| (0.301 to 1.017) | (0.324 to 1.038) | (0.937 to 0.991) | (0.936 to 0.989) | (1.124 to 1.414) | (1.114 to 1.413) | ||||||
| Primigravida | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Multigravida | −0.437* | 1.075*** | 1.457*** | ||||||||
| (0.239) | (0.019) | (0.110) | |||||||||
| (−0.906 to 0.0316) | (1.038 to 1.113) | (1.257 to 1.688) | |||||||||
| Risk level of pregnancy= low risk | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Risk level of pregnancy= medium risk | −1.481*** | 1.252*** | 1.554*** | ||||||||
| (0.221) | (0.023) | (0.117) | |||||||||
| (−1.914 to −1.048) | (1.207 to 1.299) | (1.340 to 1.801) | |||||||||
| Risk level of pregnancy= high risk | −1.044*** | 1.262*** | 3.220*** | ||||||||
| (0.209) | (0.022) | (0.229) | |||||||||
| (−1.453 to −0.635) | (1.219 to 1.306) | (2.800 to 3.703) | |||||||||
| Constant | 27.43*** | 26.82*** | 27.55*** | 6.605*** | 5.134*** | 5.203*** | 4.231*** | 0.383*** | 0.550*** | 0.883 | 0.530*** |
| (0.480) | (0.532) | (0.550) | (0.158) | (0.223) | (0.243) | (0.206) | (0.054) | (0.107) | (0.190) | (0.120) | |
| (26.49 to 28.37) | (25.78 to 27.86) | (26.47 to 28.63) | (6.303 to 6.922) | (4.716 to 5.589) | (4.748 to 5.701) | (3.846 to 4.654) | (0.291 to 0.503) | (0.376 to0.805) | (0.580 to 1.346) | (0.340 to 0.827) | |
| Observations | 5826 | 5599 | 5560 | 5879 | 5826 | 5599 | 5560 | 5879 | 5826 | 5599 | 5560 |
| R2/Pseudo R2 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
Model equations are estimated on the full sample of 5 879 women enrolled in the MomCare programme. Different numbers of observations per specification are due to missing observations in the control variables. The used software programme (STATA) automatically omits an individual X from all three regression if the explanatory variables are missing. Columns 1–3 are estimated with ordinary least square regression. Columns 4–7 are estimated with Poisson regression and show IRRs (exponentiated coefficients). Columns 8–11 are estimated with logistic regression and show ORs (exponentiated coefficients). Robust SEs in parentheses, 95% CI in parentheses, ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.
ANC, antenatal care; IRR, incidence rate ratio; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference category; SBA, skilled birth attendance.