Population and household characteristics of neighbourhoods in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area and correlations with neighbourhood under-five mortality in 2010
| Neighbourhood population and household characteristics | Median (inter-quartile range) | Correlation coefficient (Spearman’s rho) | ||||
| All | Periurban | Urban | All | Periurban | Urban | |
| Child mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) | 80 (68–92) | 69 (57–79) | 90 (79–99) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Population | 2972 (767–12798) | 730 (439–1380) | 11754 (6254–20873) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Population aged under 5 years | 384 (107–1430) | 105 (64–195) | 1267 (703–2486) | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Median household consumption (GHS) | 5599 (4249–6894) | 4485 (3616–5432) | 6690 (5633–7473) | 0.44* | −0.18* | 0.35* |
| Population density (per km2) | 1858 (614–6366) | 682 (156–1405) | 5610 (1914–14513) | 0.44* | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| Women’s literacy† | 90.2% (83.2%–93.3%) | 88.0% (68.9%–93.0%) | 91.4% (88.2%–93.4%) | 0.03 | −0.41* | 0.12 |
| Women’s schooling: at least primary† | 90.2% (83.2%–93.3%) | 88.0% (68.9%–93.0%) | 91.4% (88.2%–93.4%) | 0.03 | −0.41* | 0.12 |
| Women’s schooling: at least middle† | 78.7% (67.9%–83.4%) | 74.9% (43.3%–81.9%) | 80.4% (76.0%–84.2%) | 0.09 | −0.41* | 0.14* |
| Women’s schooling: at least secondary† | 36.6% (24.5%–44.3%) | 30.7% (6.4%–39.8%) | 40.6% (33.3%–47.7%) | 0.18* | −0.38* | 0.21* |
| Women’s schooling: post-secondary† | 10.5% (4.9%–15.4%) | 7.4% (1.2%–12.5%) | 12.6% (8.3%–17.6%) | 0.18* | −0.30* | 0.17* |
| Employment‡ | 67.4% (64.7%–70.5%) | 68.2% (64.5%–72.9%) | 67.1% (64.9%–68.9%) | −0.01 | 0.31* | −0.18* |
| Occupation: primary sector‡ | 2.0% (1.5%–3.8%) | 3.4% (1.6%–21.4%) | 1.8% (1.4%–2.5%) | −0.04 | 0.44* | −0.03 |
| Occupation: non-primary sector‡ | 64.0% (60.3%–66.6%) | 61.7% (37.5%–65.9%) | 64.9% (62.6%–66.7%) | 0.04 | −0.25* | −0.14* |
| Non-agricultural household§ | 94.4% (88.8%–96.4%) | 89.1% (47.2%–95.3%) | 95.3% (93.3%–96.9%) | 0.10* | −0.40* | 0.03 |
| Improved dwelling type§ | 88.1% (79.4%–93.4%) | 88.5% (78.1%–94.7%) | 88.1% (80.0%–92.3%) | −0.13* | −0.28* | 0.02 |
| Improved drinking water source§ | 95.1% (85.4%–97.9%) | 92.8% (78.6%–99.0%) | 95.9% (89.7%–97.6%) | −0.11* | −0.39* | −0.02 |
| Improved water source§ | 89.5% (71.8%–96.7%) | 80.5% (50.6%–94.6%) | 93.7% (81.7%–97.1%) | 0.12* | −0.18* | 0.07 |
| Improved toilet facilities§ | 70.2% (48.3%–84.6%) | 74.2% (51.2%–89.7%) | 66.5% (47.3%–80.6%) | −0.18* | −0.29* | 0.00 |
| Improved solid waste disposal§ | 77.4% (54.2%–90.8%) | 64.4% (36.6%–86.3%) | 85.7% (68.6%–93.4%) | 0.34* | 0.05 | 0.26* |
| Improved liquid waste disposal§ | 26.3% (10.2%–40.0%) | 12.7% (1.9%–26.5%) | 32.9% (23.8%–48.3%) | 0.31* | −0.25* | 0.27* |
| Improved cooking fuel use§ | 45.0% (27.4%–55.2%) | 35.9% (4.8%–50.2%) | 49.2% (39.4%–57.9%) | 0.12* | −0.37* | 0.13* |
| Improved lighting source§ | 83.9% (71.9%–92.0%) | 79.8% (55.2%–87.6%) | 88.4% (77.6%–93.3%) | 0.05 | −0.48* | 0.10 |
| Improved floor material§ | 90.9% (84.6%–94.1%) | 92.1% (84.4%–96.2%) | 90.3% (84.9%–93.0%) | −0.14* | −0.18* | −0.05 |
| Improved roof material§ | 95.6% (91.2%–97.2%) | 95.2% (79.8%–98.3%) | 95.6% (93.6%–96.7%) | −0.25* | −0.43* | −0.23* |
| Improved wall material§ | 87.2% (76.0%–92.4%) | 85.9% (59.2%–93.8%) | 87.6% (83.0%–91.7%) | −0.22* | −0.50* | −0.18* |
Median levels across all, periurban and urban neighbourhoods presented with IQR in parentheses. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients show the correlation between neighbourhood under-five mortality and neighbourhood characteristics that indicate the socioeconomic and living conditions. Online supplemental appendix 4 shows the distribution of under-five mortality across quintiles of analysed indicators.
*Significant at the 5% level.
†Measured as the proportion of women of childbearing age (15–49 years) in the neighbourhood.
‡Measured as the proportion of population of working age (15–64 years) in the neighbourhood.
§Measured as the proportion of population in the neighbourhood.
GHS, Ghanaian Cedi.