Table 1

General characteristics by experience of DT and OS

	Total %	Experience of DT and OS
		None	DT only		OS only		DT and OS
		% (ref.)	%	P value	%	P value	%	P value
Total		56.93	25.89		8.71		8.47
Sociodemographic characteristics
Sex
Men	56.60	54.03	59.22	0.013	61.73	0.016	60.59	0.043
Women	43.40	45.97	40.78		38.27		39.41
Age (years)
≤34	29.00	34.35	23.42	<0.001	23.74	<0.001	15.61	<0.001
35–44	34.70	29.27	49.39		23.74		37.17
≥45	36.30	36.39	27.18		52.52		47.21
Marital status
Single or other	16.41	19.94	11.01	<0.001	16.54	0.196	9.16	<0.001
Married	83.59	80.06	88.99		83.46		90.84
Education level
Undergraduate and below	52.98	54.38	57.36	0.083	47.10	0.005	36.43	<0.001
Masters	35.66	36.02	35.60		37.32		31.40
PhD	11.36	9.60	7.04		15.58		32.17
Economic status
Poor	32.98	36.36	30.05	0.005	29.60	<0.001	23.05	<0.001
Fair	58.61	57.54	62.41		56.32		56.51
Good	8.41	6.10	7.54		14.08		20.45
Title
Primary or other	24.16	31.10	15.64	<0.001	19.37	<0.001	8.62	<0.001
Middle	31.68	25.77	48.56		20.95		31.03
High	44.16	43.13	35.80		59.68		60.34
Hospital and departmental characteristics
Hospital level
SH	14.87	16.73	16.38	0.824	8.30	<0.001	4.46	<0.001
TH	85.13	83.27	83.62		91.70		95.54
Hospital type
WM	72.05	74.61	62.14	<0.001	81.65	0.011	75.09	0.866
TCM	27.95	25.39	37.86		18.35		24.91
Academic status
Non-teaching	80.22	80.34	85.44	0.002	72.30	0.002	71.75	0.001
Teaching	19.78	19.66	14.56		27.70		28.25
Physician specialty
Internal medicine	52.74	52.81	53.03	0.917	52.71	0.973	51.30	0.643
Surgery	47.26	47.19	46.97		47.29		48.70
The ratio of physicians to beds
<0.20	27.87	26.99	30.93	0.092	30.15	0.192	22.47	0.131
0.20–0.30	40.13	39.64	38.76		41.91		45.69
≥0.30	32.00	33.37	30.31		27.94		31.84
Hospital internal environmental characteristics
Work pressure
Very low, somewhat low or neutral	20.31	19.49	20.80	0.435	18.41	0.672	26.02	0.013
Somewhat high or very high	79.69	80.51	79.20		81.59		73.98
Pay justice
Very low, somewhat low or neutral	92.06	93.81	92.60	0.243	91.27	0.112	79.26	<0.001
Somewhat high or very high	7.94	6.19	7.40		8.73		20.74
Task justice
Very low, somewhat low or neutral	86.50	88.72	85.80	0.034	86.96	0.393	73.33	<0.001
Somewhat high or very high	13.50	11.28	14.20		13.04		26.67
Social environmental characteristics
Patient trust
Very low, somewhat low or neutral	88.64	91.51	88.11	0.006	82.97	<0.001	76.87	<0.001
Somewhat high or very high	11.36	8.49	11.89		17.03		23.13
Unreasonable requests by patients
Very low, somewhat low or neutral	65.95	65.80	66.87	0.591	65.45	0.910	64.68	0.719
Somewhat high or very high	34.05	34.20	33.13		34.55		35.32
Family support
Very low, somewhat low or neutral	21.04	20.73	18.71	0.231	21.30	0.828	29.74	<0.001
Somewhat high or very high	78.96	79.27	81.29		78.70		70.26

DT, domestic off-the-job training; OS, overseas study; SH, secondary hospital; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; TH, tertiary hospital; WM, western medicine.