ORs (with 95% CI) from unadjusted logistic regression models for an increase of 5 points or more on eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) between pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 lockdown surveys
| Exposure | PHQ-8 increase ≥5 | GAD-7 increase ≥5 | ||||
| OR | Low 95% CI | High 95% CI | OR | Low 95% CI | High 95% CI | |
| Ethnicity (Reference: White British) | ||||||
| Pakistani heritage | 0.88 | 0.68 | 1.15 | 0.94 | 0.72 | 1.23 |
| Age group (Reference: Under 30 years) | ||||||
| 30–34 | 1.01 | 0.66 | 1.54 | 0.90 | 0.57 | 1.42 |
| 35–39 | 0.89 | 0.59 | 1.35 | 0.99 | 0.64 | 1.53 |
| 40–44 | 1.04 | 0.69 | 1.58 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 1.38 |
| 45+ | 0.92 | 0.59 | 1.45 | 1.02 | 0.64 | 1.63 |
| Financial security at pre-COVID-19 survey (Reference: Living comfortably) | ||||||
| Doing alright | 1.07 | 0.81 | 1.42 | 1.19 | 0.89 | 1.59 |
| Just about getting by | 1.72 | 1.23 | 2.40 | 1.66 | 1.17 | 2.35 |
| Finding it quite/very difficult | 1.70 | 1.03 | 2.80 | 2.39 | 1.44 | 3.98 |
| Financial security at lockdown survey (Reference: Living comfortably) | ||||||
| Doing alright | 1.74 | 1.18 | 2.56 | 1.47 | 1.00 | 2.17 |
| Just about getting by | 3.52 | 2.36 | 5.26 | 3.20 | 2.15 | 4.76 |
| Finding it quite/very difficult | 6.23 | 3.96 | 9.80 | 6.03 | 3.82 | 9.51 |
| Change in financial status compared with 3 months ago (Reference: Better off) | ||||||
| About the same | 0.65 | 0.43 | 0.98 | 0.88 | 0.55 | 1.40 |
| Worse off | 1.36 | 0.89 | 2.01 | 1.99 | 1.25 | 3.19 |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation 2019 quintile (Reference: 1—Most deprived fifth) | ||||||
| 2 | 0.90 | 0.67 | 1.21 | 1.22 | 0.92 | 1.63 |
| 3 | 0.91 | 0.58 | 1.41 | 0.87 | 0.55 | 1.39 |
| 4 | 0.76 | 0.43 | 1.34 | 0.98 | 0.57 | 1.68 |
| 5 (Least deprived fifth) | 0.85 | 0.34 | 2.13 | 0.99 | 0.39 | 2.48 |
| Per one-fifth increase in lower deprivation | 1.07 | 0.94 | 1.25 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.13 |
| Employment status of main earner (Reference: Employed and working from home) | ||||||
| Employed: going into work | 1.18 | 0.84 | 1.65 | 1.20 | 0.85 | 1.69 |
| On furlough | 1.19 | 0.79 | 1.79 | 1.29 | 0.85 | 1.94 |
| Self-employed: working | 0.90 | 0.53 | 1.51 | 0.92 | 0.55 | 1.57 |
| Self-employed: not working | 1.49 | 0.97 | 2.27 | 1.31 | 0.84 | 2.04 |
| Unemployed | 2.03 | 1.34 | 3.09 | 2.23 | 1.44 | 3.44 |
| Whether respondent is a key worker (Reference: No) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.99 | 0.77 | 1.27 | 1.05 | 0.82 | 1.35 |
| Whether anyone in household is clinically vulnerable to COVID-19 (Reference: No) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.68 | 1.29 | 2.19 | 1.53 | 1.17 | 2.01 |
| Whether anyone in household is currently/has previously been self-isolated (Reference: No) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.59 | 1.24 | 2.04 | 1.48 | 1.14 | 1.92 |
| Number of children in household (Reference: 1) | ||||||
| 2 | 1.20 | 0.87 | 1.67 | 1.05 | 0.76 | 1.45 |
| 3 | 1.39 | 0.98 | 1.98 | 1.20 | 0.84 | 1.71 |
| 4 or more | 1.12 | 0.76 | 1.65 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 1.39 |
| Total household size (Reference: Less than 4) | ||||||
| 4 or 5 | 0.73 | 0.53 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.69 | 1.32 |
| 6 or more | 0.72 | 0.51 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.63 | 1.29 |
| Whether single parent (Reference: No) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.66 | 1.18 | 2.33 | 1.28 | 0.89 | 1.85 |
| Quality of relationship with partner (Reference: Excellent) | ||||||
| Good | 1.93 | 1.45 | 2.57 | 1.82 | 1.35 | 2.44 |
| Average to poor | 3.64 | 2.44 | 5.43 | 5.07 | 3.37 | 7.62 |
| Loneliness (Reference: Not lonely) | ||||||
| Lonely most/all of the time | 8.37 | 5.70 | 12.27 | 8.50 | 5.71 | 12.65 |
| Social support (Reference: Easy to get support) | ||||||
| Not easy to get support | 2.25 | 1.78 | 2.86 | 2.13 | 1.67 | 2.73 |
| Food security (Reference: Secure) | ||||||
| Insecure—often true that food does not last | 3.33 | 2.09 | 5.28 | 3.46 | 2.15 | 5.58 |
| Housing security (Reference: Secure) | ||||||
| Insecure—worried about eviction/repossession | 3.29 | 2.36 | 4.58 | 3.00 | 2.11 | 4.25 |
| Job security: whether expecting the main earner to still have a job in 12 months (Reference: Yes) | ||||||
| No | 0.84 | 0.49 | 1.43 | 0.96 | 0.56 | 1.64 |
| Housing condition (Reference: No damp in the house) | ||||||
| Damp in the house | 1.85 | 1.45 | 2.38 | 1.57 | 1.21 | 2.03 |
| Frequency of physical activity (Reference: Every day) | ||||||
| Most days | 1.58 | 1.15 | 2.18 | 1.67 | 1.21 | 2.31 |
| 1 or 2 days/week | 1.93 | 1.40 | 2.67 | 1.67 | 1.20 | 2.31 |
| Never | 3.13 | 2.15 | 4.56 | 2.55 | 1.72 | 3.78 |
| Change in frequency of physical activity since lockdown (Reference: More than before) | ||||||
| About the same | 0.66 | 0.45 | 0.97 | 0.82 | 0.56 | 1.21 |
| Less than before | 1.27 | 0.94 | 1.72 | 1.43 | 1.04 | 1.95 |
| Time between baseline and COVID-19 lockdown survey | ||||||
| Time (in months) | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 |
| Cohort source (Reference: BiBGU) | ||||||
| BiBBS | 0.84 | 0.64 | 1.10 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 1.12 |
BiBBS, Born in Bradford’s Better Start; BiBGU, Born in Bradford’s Growing Up.