Effect of conditional cash transfers on primary and secondary outcome measures
| Primary outcome measures | Control clinic | Intervention clinic | ||
| n/N (%) | n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI); P value | |
| Attendance at eligible ANC clinic appointments (following scheduled visits)* | 5827/9736 (60) | 5741/8595 (67) | 1.95 (1.39 to 2.72) | 1.90 (1.36 to 2.66); p<0.001 |
| Delivery at health facility† | 945/1027 (92) | 1115/1238 (90) | 0.59 (0.26 to 1.35) | 0.58 (0.25 to 1.33); p=0.20 |
| Attendance at one or more eligible PNC clinic appointment (4–12 months after delivery)‡ | 831/1027 (81) | 1016/1235 (82) | 1.26 (0.75 to 2.12) | 1.25 (0.74 to 2.10); p=0.40 |
| Attendance at child immunisation appointments (capped at 4)† | 3498/4108 (85) | 4353/4952 (88) | 1.76 (1.10 to 2.80) | 1.74 (1.10 to 2.77); p=0.02 |
| Pooled intervention estimate | – | – | 1.69 (1.32 to 2.17) | 1.64 (1.28 to 2.10); p<0.001 |
| Secondary outcome measures | Control clinic | Intervention clinic | ||
| n/N (%) | n/N (%) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| Attendance at all eligible ANC and PNC visits, child immunisation appointments and delivery at a healthcare facility (per woman) | 480/1027 (47) | 632/1235 (51) | 1.14 (0.82 to 1.57) | |
| Mean (95% CI)§, median (IQR) | Mean (95% CI)§, median (IQR) | Average difference in mean (95% CI)§ | ||
| Visit counts (eligible for primary outcome) | ||||
| Total attendances at eligible ANC clinic appointments (following scheduled visits)* | 2.04 (1.93 to 2.14) 2 (0–3) | 2.34 (2.22 to 2.47), 2 (1–3) | 0.31 (0.15 to 0.47) | |
| Total attendances at eligible child immunisation appointments (capped at 4)† | 3.33 (3.14 to 3.52), 4 (3–4) | 3.48 (3.29 to 3.67), 4 (4–4) | 0.14 (−0.12 to 0.41) | |
| Visit counts (no eligibility criteria applied) | ||||
| Total attendances at ANC clinic appointments‡ | 2.05 (1.93 to 2.18), 2 (0–3) | 2.42 (2.27 to 2.57), 2 (1–4) | 0.37 (0.18 to 0.56) | |
| Total attendances at PNC clinic appointments† | 4.17 (3.90 to 4.44), 4 (2–7) | 4.76 (4.46 to 5.06), 5 (2–7) | 0.58 (0.19 to 0.98) | |
| Total attendances at child immunisation appointments† | 3.64 (3.40 to 3.88), 4 (3–5) | 4.00 (3.75 to 4.26), 4 (4–5) | 0.36 (0.02 to 0.71) | |
| Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | aΔ (weeks) (95% CI) | ||
| GA at enrolment (weeks)* | 22.3 (21.9 to 22.7) | 22.2 (21.8 to 22.6) | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.5) | |
*Available for all women included in primary analysis except three (with data from clinic book but no available expected date of delivery (EDD) or actual date of delivery (ADD)).
†Available for 2265/5388 women with data obtained from clinic books.
‡Available for 2262 women with data obtained from clinic books and with available ADD or EDD. Available data for attendances and eligible appointments are summed over all women for the n/N values.
§Marginal value derived from multivariate Poisson mixed effects model applied to visit counts, estimated over the baseline characteristics of all 5388 women with data for at least one of the primary outcomes.
¶Available for all women included in primary analysis.
ANC, antenatal care; aOR, adjusted OR; aΔ, adjusted difference in mean; PNC, postnatal care.