Table 1

Measures

	Variables	Instruments	No of items	Sample item (scale)
Interpersonal competence	Cognitive empathy	Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Student version	20	‘Patients feel better when their physicians understand their feelings.’ (1=strongly disagree; 7=strongly agree)
	Cognitive and affective empathy	Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy	31	‘I am good at predicting how someone will feel.’ (1=strongly disagree; 2=slightly disagree; 3=slightly agree; 4=strongly agree)
	Emotion recognition accuracy	Geneva Emotion Recognition Test short version	42	‘Among these 14 emotions*, indicate which one had been expressed by the actor in the video clip.’ (0=emotion not accurately recognised; 1=emotion correctly recognised)
	Behavioural adaptability	The Ability to Modify Self-Presentation Scale	7	‘When I feel that the image I am portraying isn’t working, I can readily change it to something that does.’ (0=strongly disagree; 1=disagree; 2=slightly disagree; 3=slightly agree; 4=agree; 5=strongly agree)
Mental health	Depressive symptoms	Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression	20	‘I felt sad.’ (0=rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day); 1=some or little of the time (1–2 days); 2=occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3–4 days); 3=all of the time (5–7 days))
	Suicidal ideation	Two questions of the Beck Depression Inventory	2	‘How did you feel during the past 2 weeks?’ (0=I don't have any thoughts of killing myself; 1=I have thoughts of killing myself, but I would not carry them out; 2=I would like to kill myself; 3=I would kill myself if I had the chance)
	Anxiety	Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory	20	‘I feel nervous and restless.’ (1=no; 2=rather no; 3=rather yes; 4=yes)
	Anxiety during COVID-19	Adaptation of the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory	20	‘I feel nervous and restless.’ (1=no; 2=rather no; 3=rather yes; 4=yes)
	Stress	General stress item	1	‘Globally, how would you evaluate your current stress level on a scale from 1 ‘“none’ to 10 ‘extreme’?’
	Stress sources	Sources of stress items	6	‘Indicate to which extent each of the following† was a source of stress in your life during the last 12 months on a scale from 1 ‘none’ to 10 ‘extreme’?’
	Burn-out	Maslach Burn-out Inventory Student-Survey	15	‘I feel emotionally drained by my studies.’ (1=never; 2=rarely; 3=sometimes, 4=often, 5=very often, 6=always)
	Coping strategies	Coping section of the Euronet questionnaire	17	‘I try to calm down.’ (0=not at all common for me; 1=not very common for me; 2=quite common for me; 3=very common for me)
	Psychoactive substance use	Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test	10–64‡	‘In your life, which of the following substances have you ever used? (non-medical use only)’ (0=no; 3=yes)
	Neuroenhancement drugs use	Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors questionnaire of neuroenhancement drugs use	20	‘How often did you use Neuroenhancement drugs over the past 12 months?’ (0=never; 1=once; 2=2 to 3 times a year; 3=4–9 times a year; 4=1–2 times a month; 5=3–4 times a month; 6=2–3 times a week, 7=4 times a week or more)
Clinical skills	OSCE scores	Checklist of the OSCE	5	‘Responded to patient feelings and needs’ (1=not at all, 5=totally)
Clinical skills	Simulated patient coding	Checklist of the OSCE and Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy	10	‘Responded to patient feelings and needs.’ (1=not at all, 5=totally) ‘Understands my emotions, feelings and concerns.’ (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree)

*Pride, joy, amusement, pleasure, relief, interest, surprise, anxiety, fear, despair, sadness, disgust, irritation and anger.
†Family, financial situation, paid activity, sentimental life, studies and work/life balance.
‡Across nine substances: tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, inhalants, sedatives, hallucinogens and opioids; with follow-up questions for the substances reported to be used.
OSCE, Objective Structured Clinical Examination.