Table 4

Results of logistic regression models for association between rural residence and depressive symptoms

VariableModel 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5
OR (95% CI)P valueOR (95% CI)P valueOR (95% CI)P valueOR (95% CI)P valueOR (95% CI)P value
Rurality (ref: urban)
 Rural0.94
(0.85 to 1.04)		0.2220.95
(0.85 to 1.05)		0.2891.00
(0.90 to 1.11)		0.9490.92
(0.82 to 1.03)		0.1360.92
(0.82 to 1.03)		0.135
 Mixed*0.93
(0.81 to 1.07)		0.3290.94
(0.81 to 1.08)		0.3760.96
(0.82 to 1.11)		0.5550.87
(0.75 to 1.02)		0.0890.87
(0.74 to 1.02)		0.077
 Peri-urban0.99
(0.87 to 1.12)		0.8840.99
(0.87 to 1.12)		0.871.00
(0.88 to 1.14)		0.9840.94
(0.82 to 1.07)		0.3500.95
(0.83 to 1.09)		0.448
 Age (per year)1.00
(0.99 to 1.00)		0.0390.99
(0.98 to 0.99)		<0.0010.98
(0.97 to 0.98)		<0.0010.97
(0.96 to 0.97)		<0.001
 Sex (ref: male)1.46
(1.34 to 1.59)		<0.0011.33
(1.22 to 1.45)		<0.0011.26
(1.14 to 1.38)		<0.0011.21
(1.10 to 1.33)		<0.001
Education (ref: postsecondary degree)
 Less than secondary school graduation1.79
(1.56 to 2.05)		<0.0011.26
(1.09 to 1.47)		0.0021.20
(1.03 to 1.39)		0.016
 Secondary school graduation, no post-secondary education1.22
(1.09 to 1.38)		0.0010.98
(0.87 to 1.11)		0.7620.98
(0.86 to 1.11)		0.707
 Some post-secondary education1.09
(0.92 to 1.29)		0.3240.99
(0.83 to 1.18)		0.8950.98
(0.82 to 1.17)		0.841
Marital status (ref: separated)
 Never married0.93
(0.73 to 1.20)		0.5840.92
(0.71 to 1.21)		0.5500.93
(0.71 to 1.23)		0.613
 Married/common-law0.53
(0.42 to 0.68)		<0.0010.68
(0.53 to 0.89)		0.0040.70
(0.54 to 0.91)		0.009
 Widowed0.79
(0.62 to 1.02)		0.0700.84
(0.64 to 1.10)		0.1960.84
(0.64 to 1.11)		0.218
 Divorced0.79
(0.62 to 1.01)		0.0610.73
(0.56 to 0.95)		0.0200.75
(0.57 to 0.98)		0.035
Living arrangement (ref: living with ≥5 people)
 Living alone1.98
(1.29 to 3.05)		0.0021.68
(1.05 to 2.67)		0.0301.69
(1.06 to 2.69)		0.028
 Living with 1 person1.43
(0.95 to 2.16)		0.0871.38
(0.88 to 2.15)		0.1571.37
(0.88 to 2.14)		0.161
 Living with 2 people1.60
(1.05 to 2.43)		0.0291.62
(1.03 to 2.55)		0.0381.62
(1.03 to 2.55)		0.037
 Living with 3 people1.27
(0.82 to 1.96)		0.2821.36
(0.85 to 2.17)		0.1971.37
(0.86 to 2.18)		0.192
 Living with 4 people1.17
(0.72 to 1.90)		0.5371.24
(0.74 to 2.09)		0.4201.25
(0.74 to 2.10)		0.403
Individual income (ref: ≥$150 000)
 <$20 0005.72
(4.45 to 7.36)		<0.0015.03
(3.90 to 6.49)		<0.001
 $20 000–$49 9993.15
(2.56 to 3.89)		<0.0012.98
(2.41 to 3.68)		<0.001
 $50 000–$99 9991.98
(1.62 to 2.42)		<0.0011.92
(1.57 to 2.35)		<0.001
 $100 000–$149 9991.46
(1.18 to 1.80)		0.0011.44
(1.16 to 1.78)		0.001
Chronic conditions (ref: no condition)
 COPD or chronic changes in lungs due to smoking1.81
(1.56 to 2.11)		<0.001
 Cancer0.95
(0.84 to 1.08)		0.450
 Stroke or CVA1.38
(1.03 to 1.87)		0.034
 Heart disease1.16
(1.00 to 1.34)		0.045
 Cataracts1.19
(1.06 to 1.33)		0.004
 Osteoarthritis1.60
(1.46 to 1.77)		<0.001

  • All regression models also included province of residence and are weighted by the analytical weights.

  • Range of possible scores on CES-D-10 is 0–30. A cut-off point of 10 or higher was used for the presence of depressive symptoms.

  • *Area with postal code linked to dissemination area, a mixture of both urban and rural.

  • CES-D-10, 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident.