Contextual factor examples
| Contextual factor | Examples | |
| 1 | Community location | Easily accessible location and community layout and size with reliable transport37 45 56 |
| 2 | Communities with similar characteristics | Communities with similar values and homogenous characteristics such as socioeconomic status38 58 83 96 |
| 3 | Communication | Regular communication and places to share information, for example, meetings between communities, committees or organisations10 16 19 21 27 37–39 44 45 47 48 59 72 76 99 |
| 4 | Leadership | Community or committee leadership lead and help enforce change in behaviours or standards of services10 11 38 40 58 65 66 68–71 73 80 95 97 |
| 5 | Fines or penalties | Fines or penalties in communities when people do not conform to the desired behaviour or their sanitation facility is not up to the appropriate standard10 24 37 47 |
| 6 | Seasonality | Variation in weather over different times of the year49 62 |
| 7 | Resource dependency | Communities’ need the water resource for their health, livelihood or income15 18 48 54 74 75 |
| 8 | Access to resources and funding | The communities or committees’ ability to access funds through user fees or funds from the community or government20 37 39 41 47 48 53 78 80 |
| 9 | Financial and technical skills and knowledge | Community or committee ability to manage money and make financial decisions. Technical skills to operate and maintain WASH services or infrastructure over time or when issues arise17–20 23 37 45 56 61 77 80 83 90 95 98 |
| 10 | Ongoing support and acknowledgement of change | External or government support for communities with the resources they need; and acknowledgement of changes in behaviour.21–23 98 |
| 11 | Community connectedness and social cohesion | Ongoing interaction and linkages in communities and cooperation as people engage and work together.8 20 37 51 58 77 128 These can be through collective action or mobilisation of resources to work as a community27 74 79 81 128 |
| 12 | Community willingness to pay | Communities’ willingness to pay user fees or provide money to invest in resources or services for use or operations and maintenance16–18 20 50 53 62–64 80 |
| 13 | Committees with followed and understood responsibilities | Committee with clear responsibilities that are followed and understood by its members24 45 46 |
| 14 | Rules and management plans | Structures and processes in place that guide actions for operation and maintenance of resources, services and behaviours of the community or committee14 16 18 20 24 46–48 50 53 58 61 |
| 15 | Active committees that include women | Committees that are active and inclusive in communities with decision-making, maintaining resources and services15 18–20 24 27 41 45 46 49 51 54 55 75 |
| 16 | Community/committee involvement in the design, planning or implementation of the intervention | Community and committee involvement including women and those with disabilities with design, planning or implementation of the intervention to ensure the needs of all people are considered and met14 15 18 50 60 61 87–89 91 92 94 |
| 17 | Monitoring (including reports) | Ongoing monitoring of communities and committees including reports by internal or external parties to ensure availability and longevity of resources or services and behaviour change occurs 10 14 21 37–46 48–52 57 |
| 18 | Trust | Trust in, by or among members of communities, committees, and organisations inspires confidence that allow people to comply with paying fines,17 24 47 take action or change their behaviour. |
| 19 | Incentives and rewards | Communities rewarded through internal or external parties, for example, through prizes or sharing success stories in the newspaper10 38 43 45 56 76 |
WASH, water, sanitation and hygiene.