Table 4

Quality assessment of included quantitative studies

Studies
Wang et al, 202133YYYYYYYY
Zhou et al, 202026YYYYYNYY
Cui et al, 201928YYYYYYYY
Li et al, 201827YYYYNNUCY
Cheng et al, 201831YYYYYUCYY
Miao et al, 201621YYNNNNUCY
Zhao et al, 201530YNYYNUCYY
Cui et al, 20148YYYYYNAYY
Liu et al, 201229NAYNYNNNY
  • Y, yes; N, no; UC, unclear; NA, not applicable

  • ➀Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?

  • ➁Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?

  • ➂Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?

  • ➃Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?

  • ➄Were confounding factors identified?

  • ➅Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?

  • ➆Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?

  • ➇Was appropriate statistical analysis used?