Clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes according to preadmission use or non-use of metformin, sulphonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors and insulin
| No | Metformin | Sulphonylureas | DPP-4 inhibitors | Insulin | ||||||||
| Users | Non-users | P value | Users | Non-users | P value | Users | Non-users | P value | Users | Non-users | P value | |
| 737 | 254 | 385 | 679 | 199 | 952 | 385 | 679 | |||||
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age, years | 65.6 (57.7, 72.6) | 68.9 (61.3, 79.7) | <0.001 | 66.0 (58.5, 73.1) | 65.3 (57.3, 73.6) | 0.656 | 67.0 (58.4, 75.5) | 65.1 (56.8, 72.2) | 0.029 | 66.0 (58.5, 73.1) | 65.3 (57.3, 73.6) | 0.656 |
| Men, n (%) | 405 (55.0) | 131 (51.6) | 0.391 | 222 (57.7) | 350 (51.5) | 0.063 | 118 (59.3) | 506 (53.2) | 0.133 | 222 (57.7) | 350 (51.5) | 0.063 |
| Ex-/active smoker, n (%) | 125 (17.0) | 49 (19.3) | 0.443 | 70 (18.2) | 113 (16.6) | 0.687 | 34 (17.1) | 163 (17.1) | 0.818 | 70 (18.2) | 113 (16.6) | 0.687 |
| Metabolic parameters | ||||||||||||
| Diabetes duration, years | 1.8 (1.4, 6.4) | 1.2 (0.5, 2.5) | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.4, 7.6) | 1.3 (0.0, 1.9) | <0.001 | 3.9 (1.5, 11.3) | 1.4 (0.0, 1.9) | <0.001 | 1.8 (1.4, 7.6) | 1.3 (0.0, 1.9) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 (21.5, 27.7) | 23.7 (22.2, 27.0) | 0.670 | 24.4 (21.8, 27.8) | 23.5 (21.5, 27.0) | 0.382 | 25.0 (18.7, 27.0) | 23.3 (21.6, 27.4) | 0.636 | 22.9 (19.8, 25.9) | 24.4 (22.2, 27.4) | 0.051 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.3 (6.6, 8.5) | 6.6 (6.1, 7.8) | <0.001 | 7.7 (6.9, 9.1) | 6.9 (6.4, 8.2) | <0.001 | 7.6 (6.8, 8.9) | 7.2 (6.5, 8.9) | 0.027 | 7.7 (6.9, 9.1) | 6.9 (6.4, 8.2) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.1 (1.7, 2.7) | 2.4 (1.7, 3.0) | 0.004 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.6) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 0.081 | 2.0 (1.5, 2.5) | 2.3 (1.7, 2.8) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.7, 2.6) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 0.081 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.857 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.17 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.311 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.17 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.093 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.36 (0.9, 2.0) | 0.666 | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.774 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.36 (0.9, 2.0) | 0.666 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 465 (63.1) | 144 (56.7) | 0.083 | 267 (69.4) | 329 (48.5) | <0.001 | 123 (61.8) | 498 (52.3) | 0.018 | 267 (69.4) | 329 (48.5) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 76 (10.3) | 48 (18.9) | 0.001 | 45 (11.7) | 79 (11.6) | 1 | 30 (15.1) | 96 (10.1) | 0.054 | 45 (11.7) | 79 (11.6) | 1 |
| Heart failure | 22 (3.0) | 22 (8.7) | <0.001 | 13 (3.4) | 29 (4.3) | 0.578 | 11 (5.5) | 32 (3.4) | 0.208 | 13 (3.4) | 29 (4.3) | 0.578 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 66 (9.0) | 40 (15.7) | 0.004 | 31 (8.1) | 72 (10.6) | 0.213 | 26 (13.1) | 82 (8.6) | 0.068 | 31 (8.1) | 72 (10.6) | 0.213 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 144 (19.5) | 96 (37.8) | <0.001 | 98 (25.5) | 135 (19.9) | 0.042 | 72 (36.2) | 164 (17.2) | <0.001 | 98 (25.5) | 135 (19.9) | 0.042 |
| Chronic liver disease | 26 (3.5) | 17 (6.7) | 0.05 | 16 (4.2) | 27 (4.0) | 1 | 9 (4.5) | 34 (3.6) | 0.661 | 16 (4.2) | 27 (4.0) | 1 |
| COPD | 39 (5.3) | 19 (7.5) | 0.26 | 23 (6.0) | 35 (5.2) | 0.671 | 10 (5.0) | 50 (5.3) | 1 | 23 (6.0) | 35 (5.2) | 0.671 |
| Cancer | 41 (5.6) | 35 (13.8) | <0.001 | 18 (4.7) | 58 (8.5) | 0.026 | 12 (6.0) | 70 (7.4) | 0.611 | 18 (4.7) | 58 (8.5) | 0.026 |
| Baseline drug use, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Metformin | 737 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 352 (91.4) | 343 (50.5) | <0.001 | 169 (84.9) | 534 (56.1) | <0.001 | 352 (91.4) | 343 (50.5) | <0.001 |
| Sulphonylureas | 352 (47.8) | 27 (10.6) | <0.001 | 385 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 123 (61.8) | 240 (25.2) | <0.001 | 385 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 169 (22.9) | 28 (11.0) | <0.001 | 123 (31.9) | 71 (10.5) | <0.001 | 199 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 123 (31.9) | 71 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Thiazolidine-diones | 84 (11.4) | 6 (2.4) | <0.001 | 58 (15.1) | 31 (4.6) | <0.001 | 39 (19.6) | 50 (5.3) | <0.001 | 58 (15.1) | 31 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 70 (9.5) | 8 (3.2) | 0.002 | 37 (9.6) | 41 (6.0) | 0.043 | 41 (20.6) | 34 (3.6) | <0.001 | 37 (9.6) | 41 (6.0) | 0.043 |
| GLP1 receptor agonists | 11 (1.5) | 2 (0.8) | 0.533 | 4 (1.0) | 9 (1.3) | 0.779 | 4 (2.0) | 8 (0.8) | 0.138 | 4 (1.0) | 9 (1.3) | 0.779 |
| Insulin | 208 (28.2) | 49 (19.3) | 0.007 | 120 (31.2) | 129 (19.0) | <0.001 | 99 (49.7) | 157 (16.5) | <0.001 | 120 (31.2) | 129 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 546 (74.1) | 138 (54.3) | <0.001 | 294 (76.4) | 379 (55.8) | <0.001 | 153 (76.9) | 528 (55.5) | <0.001 | 294 (76.4) | 379 (55.8) | <0.001 |
| BP lowering drugs | 473 (64.2) | 165 (65.0) | 0.882 | 250 (64.9) | 381 (56.1) | 0.006 | 129 (64.8) | 529 (55.6) | 0.02 | 250 (64.9) | 381 (56.1) | 0.006 |
| RAAS inhibitors | 440 (59.7) | 126 (49.6) | 0.006 | 248 (64.4) | 303 (44.6) | <0.001 | 134 (67.3) | 428 (45.0) | <0.001 | 248 (64.4) | 303 (44.6) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean±SD or median (IQR) for continuous variables, and number (percentage) for categorical variables.
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; COPD, chronic obstructive airway disease; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; SGLT-2, sodium glucose co-transporter-2.