β (95% CIs) and ORs (95% CIs) of dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and homocysteine levels among the middle-aged and older hypertensive participants
| tHcy | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Pfor trend | |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | <91.2 | 91.2–153.5 | 153.6–240.9 | ≥240.9 | ||
| Cases (%) | 132 (36.1) | 122 (33.3) | 104 (28.4) | 111 (30.2) | ||
| Crude model | −0.037 (−0.063, –0.011) | Ref. | 0.89 (0.65, 1.20) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.96) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.05) | 0.071 |
| Model I | −0.031 (−0.055, –0.006) | Ref. | 0.92 (0.66, 1.27) | 0.64 (0.46, 0.90) | 0.55 (0.34, 0.89) | 0.048 |
| Model II | −0.050 (−0.084, –0.016) | Ref. | 0.82 (0.57, 1.16) | 0.49 (0.33, 0.74) | 0.40 (0.22, 0.74) | 0.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg/day) | <19.3 | 19.3–25.0 | 25.1–31.9 | ≥31.9 | ||
| Cases (%) | 122 (33.6) | 126 (34.2) | 113 (30.9) | 108 (29.3) | ||
| Crude model | −0.035 (−0.084, 0.014) | Ref. | 1.03 (0.76, 1.40) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.20) | 0.82 (0.60, 1.12) | 0.139 |
| Model I | −0.007 (−0.053, 0.039) | Ref. | 1.10 (0.79, 1.53) | 0.96 (0.69, 1.34) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.33) | 0.618 |
| Model II | −0.009 (−0.055, 0.036) | Ref. | 1.12 (0.80, 1.57) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.33) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.28) | 0.412 |
| Carotenes (mg/day) | <1.78 | 1.78–3.30 | 3.31–5.61 | ≥5.61 | ||
| Cases (%) | 118 (32.7) | 136 (37.0) | 99 (26.8) | 116 (31.6) | ||
| Crude model | −0.024 (−0.045, –0.003) | Ref. | 1.21 (0.89, 1.64) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.30) | 0.315 |
| Model I | −0.022 (−0.042, –0.003) | Ref. | 1.22 (0.88, 1.69) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) | 0.254 |
| Model II | −0.022 (−0.052, 0.009) | Ref. | 1.18 (0.84, 1.68) | 0.68 (0.46, 1.02) | 0.76 (0.43, 1.35) | 0.159 |
| Retinol (µg/day) | <78.0 | 78.0–138.3 | 138.4–283.6 | ≥283.6 | ||
| Cases (%) | 147 (40.2) | 133 (36.3) | 91 (24.9) | 98 (26.7) | ||
| Crude model | −0.030 (−0.046, –0.015) | Ref. | 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) | 0.49 (0.36, 0.68) | 0.54 (0.40, 0.74) | 0.001 |
| Model I | −0.027 (−0.041, –0.012) | Ref. | 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | 0.50 (0.35, 0.70) | 0.55 (0.40, 0.77) | 0.003 |
| Model II | −0.021 (−0.041, –0.002) | Ref. | 0.90 (0.65, 1.25) | 0.61 (0.42, 0.86) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.951 |
| Lutein (mg/day) | <5.22 | 5.22–9.48 | 9.49–14.82 | ≥14.82 | ||
| Cases (%) | 123 (33.7) | 120 (32.8) | 114 (31.1) | 112 (30.4) | ||
| Crude model | −0.028 (−0.053, –0.004) | Ref. | 0.96 (0.71, 1.31) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.21) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 0.311 |
| Model I | −0.024 (−0.046, –0.001) | Ref. | 0.98 (0.71, 1.37) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.17) | 0.87 (0.62, 1.22) | 0.331 |
| Model II | −0.025 (−0.063, 0.013) | Ref. | 0.92 (0.65, 1.31) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.14) | 0.66 (0.37, 1.19) | 0.138 |
Model I: Adjusted for age, sex (‘male’ as the reference) BMI.
Model II: Adjusted for variables in model I and further adjusted for sedentary time (‘<3 hours/day’ as the reference), the intakes of folate, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12, supplement use (‘no’ as the reference) and the history of cardiovascular events (‘no’ as the reference).
BMI, body mass index; tHcy, total homocysteine.