Mixed-effect results on individual and contextual factors associated with contraceptive use among parenting adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa
| Variables | Model 0 aOR (95% CI) | Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | Model 2 aOR (95% CI) | Model 3 aOR (95% CI) |
| Age | ||||
| 15–17 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 18–19 | 1.50*** (1.33 to 1.69) | 1.46*** (1.28 to 1.65) | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | Ref | Ref | ||
| Married | 1.74*** (1.54 to 1.97) | 1.63*** (1.43 to 1.87) | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.24** (1.06 to 1.45) | 1.85*** (1.56 to 2.18) | ||
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 1.04 (0.84 to 1.29) | 0.92 (0.74 to 1.16) | ||
| Level of education | ||||
| No education | Ref | Ref | ||
| Primary | 4.29*** (3.64 to 5.05) | 2.10*** (1.75 to 2.51) | ||
| Secondary/higher | 4.48*** (3.77 to 5.32) | 2.72*** (2.25 to 3.27) | ||
| Parity | ||||
| One birth | Ref | Ref | ||
| Two births or more | 0.78** (0.68 to 0.90) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) | ||
| Exposure to media | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.23*** (1.10 to 1.37) | 1.21** (1.08 to 1.36) | ||
| Ideal number of children | ||||
| 0–3 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 4–5 | 0.60*** (0.54 to 0.67) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | ||
| 6+ | 0.26*** (0.22 to 0.31) | 0.56*** (0.47 to 0.67) | ||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||
| Poorer | 1.33*** (1.14 to 1.54) | 1.25** (1.07 to 1.45) | ||
| Middle | 1.63*** (1.39 to 1.90) | 1.43*** (1.21 to 1.68) | ||
| Richer | 1.56*** (1.31 to 1.85) | 1.32** (1.10 to 1.58) | ||
| Richest | 1.81*** (1.47 to 2.22) | 1.46*** (1.18 to 1.81) | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | ||
| Rural | 0.81*** (0.71 to 0.93) | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.02) | ||
| Subregions | ||||
| West Africa | Ref | Ref | ||
| East Africa | 2.86*** (2.46 to 3.33) | 2.16*** (1.82 to 2.56) | ||
| Central Africa | 0.81* (0.69 to 0.96) | 0.79* (0.66 to 0.95) | ||
| Southern Africa | 9.03*** (7.86 to 10.39) | 6.65*** (5.65 to 7.82) | ||
| Random effect result | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.07 (0.04 to 0.14) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.17) | 0.08 (0.04 to 0.17) | 0.09 (0.05 to 0.18) |
| ICC | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| LR test | χ2=11.0*** | χ2=14.4*** | χ2=10.6*** | χ2=10.9*** |
| Wald χ2 | Reference | 829.2*** | 1366.3*** | 1465.3*** |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | −5481.4 | −4920.4 | −4665.9 | −4500.2 |
| AIC | 10 966.7 | 9864.9 | 9351.9 | 9040.5 |
| N | 9488 | 9488 | 9488 | 9488 |
Model 0: empty model without any explanatory variable.
Model 1: adjusted for individual-level variables.
Model 2: adjusted for contextual level variables.
Model 3: adjusted for individual and contextual level variables.
Source: demographic and Health Surveys
*p< 0.05, **p< 0.01, ***p< 0.001.
AIC, Akaike’s Information Criterion; aOR, adjusted OR; ICC, intraclass correlation; LR test, likelihood ratio test; PSU, primary sampling unit; Ref, reference category.;