Methods of PAR phases in this study
| Stages | Activities | Performers | Periods | |
| Phase I | Situation analysis | Three FGDs for context analysis | Representatives (n=8) | Sepember–October 2018 |
| Plan | PCG planned actions for promoting MM | PCG (n=8) and research team (n=3) | November 2018 | |
| Action | Planned actions performed by ED clinicians | All participants (n=85), representative (n=8) and research team (n=3) | From December 2018 | |
| Observation | Forth FGD | Representatives (n=8) | March 2019 | |
| Reflection | Reflecting on implemented actions | Participants (n=9) | April–June 2019 | |
| Phase II | Replanning | Developing new strategies for improvement in MM by PCG | PCG (n=8) and research team (n=3) | April–June 2019 |
| Action | Implementation of planned strategies | All participants (n=85) | From July 2019 to October 2019 | |
| Observation | Evaluation on implemented actions by informal interviews | Representatives (n=8) | ||
| Final reflection | Reflect on progress, advantages and changes related to improvements by MM | Participants (n=10) | November 2019 |
ED, emergency department; FGD, focus group discussions; MM, medication management; PAR, participatory action research; PCG, professional codevelopment groups.