Key study components and recommended sources
| Units | Remarks | Sources | ||
| Medical cost | COVID-19 treatment cost | |||
| Mild/moderate | SG$/case | Estimated | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Severe | SG$/case | Estimated | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Very severe | SG$/case | Estimated | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Death | SG$/case | Estimated | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Vaccine-related cost | ||||
| Cost to treat adverse side effect (mild) | SG$/case | Estimated | Literature review, COVID-19 vaccine trial data (when available) | |
| Cost to treat adverse side effect (severe) | SG$/case | Estimated | Literature review, COVID-19 vaccine trials (when available) | |
| Cost per dose | SG$/dose | Estimated | Government purchase agreements, hospital and clinical charges | |
| Cost of vaccine delivery device | SG$/dose | Estimated | Government purchase agreements, hospital and clinical charges | |
| Productivity loss | Number of productive days loss | |||
| Mild/moderate | Days | Based on length of hospital stay | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Severe | Days | Based on length of hospital stay | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Very severe | Days | Based on length of hospital stay | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Death | Days | Based on length of hospital stay | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Population parameters | ||||
| Average age of infection/population | Years | Calculated | Hospital database, Ministry of Health | |
| Age of retirement | Years | Estimated | Ministry of Manpower/Labour | |
| Expected life years | Years | Estimated | Worldometer, WHO | |
| Employed persons | Persons | Estimated | Ministry of Manpower/Labour, National Economic Survey | |
| Population of working adults (resident) | Persons | If applicable | Ministry of Manpower/Labour, National Economic Survey | |
| Average monthly wage | SG$/month | Calculated | Ministry of Manpower/Labour, National Economic Survey | |
| Average annual wage | SG$/year | Calculated | Ministry of Manpower/Labour, National Economic Survey | |
| Interest rate | % | Estimated | Literature review | |
| Discount rate | % | Estimated | Literature review | |
| Wage loss per death | SG$/death | Calculated based on average wage, average age, retirement age, discount rate | – | |
| Community testing | Cost per swab test | SG$/test | Estimated | Hospital database, Ministry of Health |
| Contact tracing | Average monthly wage of contact tracers | SG$/month | Estimated | Ministry of Health, Ministry of Manpower |
| Number of close contacts traced per case | Contacts/case | Estimated | Ministry of Health, European Centre For Disease Control and Prevention guidance on contact tracing | |
| Number of close contacts traced per officer | Contacts/officer | Estimated | Ministry of Health, European Centre For Disease Control and Prevention guidance on contact tracing | |
| Community isolation/quarantine | Number of close contact per positive case | Persons | Estimated | Ministry of Health, European Centre For Disease Control and Prevention guidance on contact tracing |
| Numbers of quarantined days for close cases | Days | Estimated | Ministry of Health, European Centre For Disease Control and Prevention guidance on contact tracing | |
| Travel restriction | Accommodation receipts loss | SG$/year | Estimated | External research databases, National Tourism survey, Economic surveys tourism sector |
| Food and beverages receipt loss | SG$/year | Estimated | External research databases, National Tourism survey, Economic surveys tourism sector | |
| Shopping receipt loss | SG$/year | Estimated | External research databases, National Tourism survey, Economic surveys tourism sector | |
| Sightseeing, entertainment and gaming receipt loss | SG$/year | Estimated | External research databases, National Tourism survey, Economic surveys tourism sector | |
| Others receipt loss | SG$/year | Estimated | External research databases, National Tourism survey, Economic surveys tourism sector | |
| Monthly visitor | Visitor/month | Estimated | External research databases, National Tourism survey, Economic surveys tourism sector | |
| Average visitor’s expenditure | SG$/visitor | Total tourism receipt/tourists | Based on tourism receipts and number of tourist arrivals: Total tourism receipt/number of tourist arrival | |
| Mask cost | Cost per mask | SG$/item | Estimated | Marketplaces price, business to business platform prices with mark up for distribution (if applicable) |
| Cost of masks distributed to the public per month | SG$/month | Calculated based on cost of mask, population and distribution mark-up factor | – | |
| Social distancing | Number of social distancing officers | Person | Estimated | Ministry of Health |
| Average monthly wage of social distancing officers | SG$/month | Estimated | Ministry of Health, Ministry of Manpower | |
| Cost due to as-needed school closure | Probability of one case in school resulting in school cluster/school closure | Probability | Estimated | Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education |
| Number of children per school | Children/school | Estimated | Ministry of Education | |
| Duration of school closure | Months | Estimated | Expert opinion | |
| Productivity loss of working dependents | % | Estimated | Literature review on productivity loss, human resource reports and business management studies | |
| Cost due to as-needed workplace closure | Probability of one case in workplace resulting in workplace cluster/workplace closure | Probability | Estimated | Ministry of Health |
| Number of people affected per closure | People/case | Estimated | Ministry of Health, Ministry of Manpower | |
| Duration of workplace closure | Months | Estimated | Ministry of Health | |
| Work-from-home (WFH) policy | Productivity loss from WFH | % | Estimated | Literature review on productivity loss, human resource reports and business management studies |
| Proportion of workers working from home | % | Estimated | Ministry of Health, Ministry of Manpower | |
| Impact on retails and services (limited social gathering) | Loss in income from retail and other services | SG$/month | Estimated | National Economic Survey |
| Loss in income from retail sales (under full circuit breaker measures) | SG$/month | Estimated | National Economic Survey | |
| Loss in income from food and beverage (under full circuit breaker measures) | SG$/month | Estimated | National Economic Survey | |
| Income loss after reopening | % | Estimated | National Economic Survey | |
| Economic loss from unemployment | Total unemployment increase | Cases/month | Estimated | Based on National Economic Survey, reports, international databases |
| Average duration of unemployment | Months | Estimated | Literature review based on unemployment and transitioning | |
| Total wage loss due to unemployment resulted over 12-month period | SG$ | Unemployment × wage × unemployment duration | Based on average wage and duration of unemployment Unemployment × wage × unemployment duration × time horizon | |
| Vaccines parameters | Number of doses required | Doses | Assumed | WHO Target Product Profile, COVID-19 vaccine trials (when available) |
| Efficacy | % | Estimated | WHO Target Product Profile, COVID-19 vaccine trials (when available) | |
| Proportion of population covered by vaccine | % | Estimated | Ministry of Health, WHO subnational vaccine coverage data | |
| Mild adverse reaction (injection reaction and systemic adverse reactions) | % | Estimated | WHO vaccine reaction rates, COVID-19 vaccine trials (when available) | |
| Severe anaphylaxis | % | Estimated | WHO vaccine reaction rates, COVID-19 vaccine trials (when available) | |
| Grade 3 adverse reactions requiring hospitalisation | % | Estimated | WHO vaccine reaction rates, COVID-19 vaccine trials (when available) | |
| Health-utility | COVID-19 related | |||
| Healthy | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on COVID-19 health utilities | |
| Mild/moderate symptoms | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on COVID-19 health utilities | |
| Severe symptoms | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on COVID-19 health utilities | |
| Very severe symptoms | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on COVID-19 health utilities | |
| Death | QALY | Assumed as 0 | – | |
| Medical isolation | ||||
| Disutility due to medical isolation | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on medical isolation | |
| Vaccine-related side effects | ||||
| Mild adverse reaction (injection reaction and systemic adverse reactions) | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on influenza vaccination | |
| Severe anaphylaxis | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on influenza vaccination | |
| Grade 3 adverse reactions requiring hospitalisation | QALY | Estimated | Literature review on influenza vaccination | |
QALY, quality-adjusted life years; SG$, Singapore dollars.