Descriptive summary statistics for the variables of the patient population included in the study
| Indicator | Levels | Number, n (%) | Missing data, n (%) |
| Hospital-level factors | |||
| Malaria endemicity zone | High | 53 177 (40.1%) | |
| Low | 79 560 (59.9%) | ||
| Patient-level factors | |||
| Age* | <1 month | 3321 (2.5%) | 1221 (0.9%) |
| 1–11 months | 38 235 (28.8%) | ||
| 12–59 months | 64 628 (48.7%) | ||
| ≥5 years | 25 332 (19.1%) | ||
| Female | Present | 58 588 (44.1%) | 1199 (0.9%) |
| Case is readmission | Present | 13 557 (10.2%) | 37 002 (27.9%) |
| Case is referral to hospital | Present | 19 525 (14.7%) | 39 879 (30%) |
| Presence of comorbidity | Present | 82 918 (62.5%) | 725 (0.5%) |
| AVPU†=A | Present | 113 378 (85.4%) | 10 664 (8%) |
| Slow capillary refill | Present | 2231 (1.7%) | 21 902 (16.5%) |
| Pallor | None | 95 612 (72%) | 10 799 (8.1%) |
| Mild/moderate | 15 596 (11.7%) | ||
| Severe | 10 730 (8.1%) | ||
| Fever | Present | 105 268 (79.3%) | 6952 (5.2%) |
| Cough | Present | 64 819 (48.8%) | 9237 (7%) |
| Crackles | Present | 22 835 (17.2%) | 11 695 (8.8%) |
| Central cyanosis | Present | 974 (0.7%) | 9758 (7.4%) |
| Acidotic breathing | Present | 3098 (2.3%) | 12 740 (9.6%) |
| Difficulty breathing | Present | 38 825 (29.2%) | 10 454 (7.9%) |
| Grunting | Present | 13 701 (10.3%) | 12 255 (9.2%) |
| Tachypnoea‡ | Present | 43 832 (33%) | 31 136 (23.5%) |
| Indrawing | Present | 29 698 (22.4%) | 11 419 (8.6%) |
| Wheezing | Present | 7085 (5.3%) | 11 034 (8.3%) |
| Stridor | Present | 2719 (2%) | 14 121 (10.6%) |
| Inability to drink | Present | 96 455 (72.7%) | 14 846 (11.2%) |
| Weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) | > −2SD (normal) | 74 035 (55.8%) | 33 486 (25.2%) |
| −2SD to −3SD (low) | 12 377 (9.3%) | ||
| < −3SD (very low) | 12 839 (9.7%) | ||
| Pulse oximetry done at admission‡ | Present | 64 722 (48.8%) | |
| Oxygen therapy prescribed at admission | Present | 11 428 (8.6%) | 4275 (3.2%) |
| Outcome at discharge | Alive | 123 845 (93.3%) | 499 (0.4%) |
| Died | 8393 (6.3%) | ||
*<1 month represents neonates admitted to paediatric ward; no data from the new-born units were included.
†AVPU scale is an acronym for ‘Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unresponsive’ and is a measure of a patient’s level of consciousness ordered by severity from left to right, with ‘A’ being the least severe.
‡Symptom is derived and calculated as present where either (1) respiratory rate >59 and age <1 month, (2) respiratory rate >49 and age is 1–11 months or (3) respiratory rate is >39 and age is 12 months or older.
§If missing, it was assumed that it was not done. 5525 admission cases reported having done it but did not have the SpO2 value on the paper record.