Health conditions of individuals on high-level probation in Hennepin County, Minnesota, anytime during 2016, by race and ethnicity
|
| Hennepin County probation cohort (95% CI) | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic (N=2055) | Black or African American (N=3103) | Native American (N=324) | Asian or Pacific Islander (N=114) | Hispanic (N=212) | |
| Physical conditions | |||||
| Asthma | 10.8% (9.5% to 12.2%) | 17.4%*** (16.1% to 18.8%) | 12.9% (9.5% to 16.4%) | 11.0% (5.2% to 16.9%) | 12.9% (8.4% to 17.5%) |
| Diabetes | 4.2% (3.4% to 5.0%) | 6.8%*** (5.9% to 7.7%) | 10.2%*** (7.0% to 13.4%) | 3.9% (0.2% to 7.5%) | 8.4% (4.3% to 12.5%) |
| Hypertension | 13.7% (12.4% to 15.0%) | 20.5%*** (19.1% to 21.8%) | 20.1%** (16.2% to 24.1%) | 9.8% (4.4% to 15.1%) | 16.2% (11.1% to 21.3%) |
| Arthritis | 7.2% (6.2% to 8.1%) | 10.2%*** (9.1% to 11.2%) | 12.4%** (9.1% to 15.7%) | 2.1%** (−0.7% to 4.9%) | 5.9% (2.2% to 9.6%) |
| CKD | 5.2% (4.3% to 6.1%) | 6.0% (5.1% to 6.8%) | 7.7% (4.8% to 10.6%) | 5.4% (1.2% to 9.5%) | 5.5% (2.2% to 8.8%) |
| COPD | 3.7% (2.9% to 4.4%) | 3.7% (3.0% to 4.4%) | 3.4% (1.4% to 5.3%) | 2.8% (−0.3% to 5.9%) | 2.5% (0.1% to 4.9%) |
| Viral hepatitis | 6.1% (5.1% to 7.0%) | 3.1%*** (2.5% to 3.8%) | 10.1%* (6.9% to 13.3%) | 0.9%*** (−0.8% to 2.6%) | 5.7% (2.3% to 9.1%) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2.6%*** (1.9% to 3.2%) | 2.8%*** (2.2% to 3.3%) | 2.7%** (0.9% to 4.6%) | 2.8% (−0.3% to 5.9%) | 3.8%* (0.9% to 6.7%) |
| Cancer | 0.3%** (0.1% to 0.5%) | 0.7%*** (0.4% to 1.0%) | 0.7% (−0.2% to 1.6%) | – | 0.5% (−0.5% to 1.5%) |
| Average # of chronic physical conditions (0–9)* | 0.52 (0.48 to 0.55) | 0.73 (0.69 to 0.76)*** | 0.75 (0.63 to 0.87)‡ | 0.42 (0.25 to 0.59) | 0.56 (0.41 to 0.71) |
| Substance use disorders (SUDs) | |||||
| Any SUD | 71.6% (69.7% to 73.6%) | 62.0%*** (60.3% to 63.7%) | 85.9%*** (82.0% to 89.7%) | 47.7%*** (38.6% to 56.8%) | 66.3% (60.1% to 72.5%) |
| Alcohol | 43.3% (41.2% to 45.4%) | 38.5%** (36.8% to 40.2%) | 59.2%*** (53.9% to 64.4%) | 24.8%*** (17.0% to 32.7%) | 42.5% (35.9% to 49.1%) |
| Cannabis | 27.3% (25.3% to 29.2%) | 30.7%** (29.1% to 32.3%) | 35.8%** (30.6% to 40.9%) | 8.8%*** (3.6% to 13.9%) | 21.5%* (16.2% to 26.9%) |
| Cocaine | 10.1% (8.9% to 11.3%) | 17.6%*** (16.2% to 18.9%) | 20.5%*** (16.3% to 24.7%) | 5.6%* (1.3% to 9.9%) | 16.4%* (11.2% to 21.5%) |
| Methamphetamine | 29.1% (27.1% to 31.1%) | 5.5%*** (4.7% to 6.3%) | 27.9% (23.1% to 32.7%) | 17.4%** (10.6% to 24.3%) | 15.0%*** (10.2% to 19.8%) |
| Opioids | 24.8% (22.9% to 26.6%) | 11.5%*** (10.3% to 12.6) | 41.2%*** (35.9% to 46.5%) | 7.2%*** (2.4% to 12.0%) | 23.5% (17.7% to 29.2%) |
| Sedatives | 5.8% (4.8% to 6.9%) | 1.1%*** (0.7% to 1.4%) | 3.9% (1.9% to 5.9%) | 1.8%** (−0.7% to 4.2%) | 6.4% (3.1% to 9.6%) |
| Unspecified SUD | 35.6% (33.6% to 37.7%) | 24.8%*** (23.3% to 26.4%) | 41.7%* (36.4% to 47.1%) | 17.1%*** (10.2% to 24.0%) | 23.4%*** (17.7% to 29.2%) |
| Mental health | |||||
| Any MI | 64.9% (62.8% to 66.9%) | 48.5%*** (46.8% to 50.3%) | 67.5% (62.3% to 72.6%) | 34.6%*** (26.1% to 43.1%) | 52.8%** (46.3% to 59.3%) |
| Anxiety | 53.0% (50.9% to 55.1%) | 35.4%*** (33.7% to 37.0%) | 55.1% (49.7% to 60.6%) | 28.3%*** (20.1% to 36.4%) | 44.0%* (37.5% to 50.6%) |
| Bipolar | 23.5% (21.7% to 25.3%) | 18.6%*** (17.2% to 20.0%) | 19.4% (15.3% to 23.5%) | 10.9%*** (5.2% to 16.7%) | 20.2% (14.7% to 25.6%) |
| Depression | 49.0% (46.9% to 51.1%) | 36.8%*** (35.2% to 38.5%) | 51.4% (46.0% to 56.7%) | 24.0%*** (16.3% to 31.7%) | 42.3% (35.9% to 48.7%) |
| PTSD | 17.3% (15.7% to 18.8%) | 16.6% (15.3% to 17.9%) | 22.2%* (17.9% to 26.4%) | 9.1%** (3.8% to 14.4%) | 17.6% (12.4% to 22.7%) |
| Severe MI | 11.2% (9.9% to 12.6%) | 13.6%* (12.4% to 14.9%) | 16.6%* (12.6% to 20.7%) | 9.8% (4.3% to 15.2%) | 10.9% (6.5% to 15.2%) |
| SUD+MI | |||||
| Any SUD and any MI | 53.2% (51.1% to 55.3%) | 38.5%*** (36.8% to 40.1%) | 63.9%*** (58.7% to 69.2%) | 21.8%*** (14.3% to 29.4%) | 42.9%** (36.3% to 49.4%) |
| Other conditions | |||||
| Personality disorders | 15.4% (13.9% to 16.9%) | 10.0%*** (8.9% to 11.0%) | 11.0%* (7.8% to 14.3%) | 7.3%** (2.5% to 12.2%) | 13.0% (8.3% to 17.7%) |
Race and ethnicity designations from data maintained by Hennepin County Corrections.
Counts for people on high-level probation anytime during 2016 and with 6+ months of full-benefit public health insurance eligibility between 2013 and 2016 in Minnesota.
Includes people with violation status, but not warrant status.
Conditions from ICD-9 diagnosis codes 2013–Q3 2015, ICD-10 codes Q4 2015–2016. Physical and mental health conditions grouped according to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Chronic Condition Warehouse specifications. SUD conditions grouped according to Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project specifications, excluding remission codes.
*p<0.05 in bivariate comparison with white, non-Hispanic; **p<0.01 in bivariate comparison with white, non-Hispanic; ***p<0.001 in bivariate comparison with white, non-Hispanic.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases ninth revision; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases 10th revision; MI, mental illness; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.