Table 1

Overview of studies and participant characteristics

First author and dateCountryMethodology and data collection methodParticipants: practitionersParticipants: patientsParticipants: carers
N, jobAge range (years)%FemaleEthnicityNAge (years)%FemaleEthnicityNAge%FemaleEthnicity
Arney et al 201823USAQualitative: interviews35 (11 behavioural health staff, 18 AHPs and 6 admin)35–6480Varied: 83% White0N/AN/AN/A0N/AN/AN/A
Bauer et al 201716USAQualitative: interviews and verbal feedback session9 (5 paediatricians, 3 AHPs and 1 NP)NRNR100% White416–1424Varied: 32% Black, 34% Hispanic/Latino, 18%White3453%<40 years, 23% ≥40 years97Varied: 33% Black, 47% Hispanic/Latino, 20% White
Cornelio-Flores et al 201817USAMixed methods: focus groups and interviews0N/AN/AN/A11Mean 51.689100% Hispanic0N/AN/AN/A
Drake et al 201818USAMixed methods: focus groups and interviews6 (physician, nurse, AHP and admin)NRNRNR8NR*NR*NR*0N/AN/AN/A
Egger et al 201519AustraliaMixed methods: interviews8 GPsNRNRNRNR*NR*NR*NR*0N/AN/AN/A
Housden et al 201625CanadaQualitative: interviews7 NPsNR86NR0N/AN/AN/A0N/AN/AN/A
Housden et al 201727CanadaQualitative: interviews and observations12 NPsNRNRNR1240–7958Varied: 83% Euro-Canadian0N/AN/AN/A
Kowalski et al 201828USAQualitative: interviews28 (physicians, nurses, AHPs, facilitators and researchers)NRNRNR0N/AN/AN/A0N/AN/AN/A
Lavoie et al 201329†CanadaQualitative: interviews34 (10 physicians, 7 NPs, 2 nurses, 4 admin, 11 AHPs)NRNRNR29Mean 6266Varied: 55% White, 45% Aboriginal0N/AN/AN/A
Miller et al 200433USAMixed methods: interviews0N/AN/AN/A26NR*NR*NR*0N/AN/AN/A
Siple et al 201520USAQualitative: focus groups0N/AN/AN/A1830–806NR3NR100NR
Stevens et al 201421AustraliaQualitative: focus groups46 (GP, nurse, AHP and adminNR67NR4930–7043Varied: 90%Non-Indigenous0N/AN/AN/A
Stowell et al 201522USAMixed methods: interviews13 medical studentsNRNRNR4NR*NR*NR*0N/AN/AN/A
Stults et al 201632USAQualitative: focus groups0N/AN/AN/A3052–9333Varied: 87% White, 7% Hispanic/Latino, 3% Asian/Pacific Islander0N/AN/AN/A
Thompson et al 201424CanadaQualitative: semistructured interviews0N/AN/AN/A946–620Varied: ‘predominantly’ White0N/AN/AN/A
Tokuda et al 201626USAMixed methods: focus groups and interviews2, NP and AHPNRNRNR15NR*NR*NR*2NRNRNR
Thompson-Lastad 201830USAEthnography: ethnographic observations,
interviews conducted in English and Spanish		28 (13 doctors, 1 NP, 5 AHPs and 8 admin)NR79Varied: 54% White25Mean 5872Varied: 60% Black/African–American0N/AN/AN/A
Wong et al 201531†CanadaQualitative: interviews34 (10 physicians, 7 NP, 2 nurses, 4 admin and 11 AHPs)NRNRNR29Mean 6266Varied: 55% White, 45% Aboriginal0N/AN/AN/A

  • Admin denotes administrators including healthcare/programme managers and primary care/group visit coordinators. Carers included parents/guardians, wives and social support.

  • AHPs include pharmacists, dieticians, psychologists, social workers, substance abuse counsellors and nutritionists.

  • *Data given for shared medical appointment attendees but not separately for study participants.

  • †Same study participants, different data analysis.

  • AHP, allied health professional; GP, general practitioner; N/A, not applicable; NP, nurse practitioner; NR, not recorded.