Participant characteristics (N=149)
| Characteristic | |
| Mean (SD) | |
| Age (years) | 49 (14.8) |
| Per cent | |
| Female | 53.5 |
| Race and ethnicity* | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 44.2 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 34.0 |
| Hispanic | 15.0 |
| Other | 6.8 |
| Education* | |
| High school or less | 31.5 |
| Some college or more | 68.5 |
| Annual individual income ≤$40 000† | 55.6 |
| Public health insurance | 63.3 |
| Pain in last 3 months (GCPS)* | |
| Highly disabling, highly limiting | 24.2 |
| Highly disabling, moderately limiting | 17.5 |
| Low-disabling, high intensity | 32.2 |
| Low-disabling, low intensity/no pain | 26.2 |
| Believed surgery would relieve pain* | 53.9 |
| Surgical specialty | |
| General | 30.7 |
| Urology | 18.7 |
| Otolaryngology | 13.3 |
| Orthopaedic | 13.3 |
| Podiatry | 10.0 |
| Maxillofacial oral | 8.0 |
| Gynaecology | 6.0 |
| Prior opioid prescription (<3 months) | 17.3 |
| CAGE-AID-positive | 26.7 |
| High-risk alcohol use (AUDIT)* | 5.4 |
| Illicit substance use (DUDIT) | 18.0 |
*≤10% of data missing.
†>10% of data missing.
AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; CAGE-AID, Cut, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener; DUDIT, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test; GCPS, Graded Chronic Pain Scale.