Generalised anxiety disorder | Post-traumatic stress symptoms | ||||||||
N (%) | % (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | % (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Overall | 1450 | 10.9 (9.1 to 13.2) | 21.7 (19.1 to 24.6) | ||||||
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 725 (48.2) | 7.6 (5.4 to 10.4) | 0.0018 | Ref | 17 (13.5 to 21.2) | 0.0017 | Ref | ||
Female | 725 (51.8) | 14.1 (11.2 to 17.6) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) | 0.055 | 26.1 (22.3 to 30.2) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2.1) | 0.024 | ||
Age (years) | |||||||||
18–39 | 623 (38.1) | 16.6 (13.0 to 21.2) | <0.0001 | Ref | 26.1 (21.5 to 31.3) | <0.0001 | Ref | ||
40–59 | 461 (32.0) | 9.2 (6.6 to 12.6) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | 0.035 | 25.5 (20.9 to 30.7) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 0.850 | ||
≥60 | 366 (29.9) | 5.6 (3.4 to 9.1) | 0.50 (0.2 to 1.1) | 0.078 | 12.0 (8.5 to 16.6) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | 0.050 | ||
Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
Non-Hispanic white | 939 (62.9) | 10.8 (8.6 to 13.5) | 0.3468 | Ref | 22.0 (18.9 to 25.4) | 0.1914 | Ref | ||
Non-Hispanic black | 143 (11.9) | 11.9 (6.8 to 20.1) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) | 0.603 | 18.9 (12.5 to 27.6) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) | 0.157 | ||
Hispanic | 258 (16.7) | 11.3 (6.8 to 18.3) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.3) | 0.307 | 27.0 (19.5 to 36.2) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) | 0.749 | ||
Non-Hispanic Asian | 36 (3.1) | 0.8 (0.1 to 5.5) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.7) | 0.023 | 8.7 (2.4 to 26.8) | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.4) | 0.142 | ||
Other | 74 (5.4) | 15.1 (7.4 to 28.6) | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.7) | 0.919 | 15.8 (7.7 to 29.5) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.131 | ||
Education | |||||||||
No high school diploma | 67 (9.9) | 13.4 (6.2 to 26.5) | 0.0230 | 1.2 (0.5 to 3.2) | 0.643 | 19.7 (10.9 to 32.8) | 0.3825 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.5) | 0.393 |
High school grad or GED | 276 (27.9) | 10.4 (6.8 to 15.4) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.4) | 0.615 | 25.3 (19.5 to 32.2) | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9) | 0.560 | ||
Some college | 638 (27.6) | 15.8 (12.4 to 20.0) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.3) | 0.013 | 22.2 (18.5 to 26.5) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 0.933 | ||
College grad or more | 469 (34.6) | 6.8 (4.7 to 9.7) | Ref | 18.9 (15.2 to 23.3) | Ref | ||||
Marital status | |||||||||
Married | 716 (47.8) | 7.6 (5.6 to 10.3) | 0.0016 | Ref | 19.0 (15.8 to 22.8) | 0.1686 | Ref | ||
Widowed, divorced or separated | 254 (18.8) | 10.2 (6.8 to 15.1) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.6) | 0.392 | 20.9 (15.3 to 27.9) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 0.693 | ||
Never married | 345 (24.1) | 14.3 (10.0 to 20.2) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) | 0.273 | 24.9 (19.0 to 31.9) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.9) | 0.566 | ||
Living with partner | 135 (9.3) | 20.8 (12.7 to 32.0) | 1.5 (0.7 to 2.9) | 0.286 | 28.6 (19.5 to 39.8) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.7) | 0.925 | ||
Household income | |||||||||
$0–$19 999 | 251 (20.3) | 16.9 (11.7 to 23.7) | 0.0311 | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.9) | 0.746 | 28.6 (21.7 to 36.8) | 0.1188 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.2) | 0.660 |
$20 000–$44 999 | 358 (25.7) | 12.0 (8.4 to 17.0) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.3) | 0.219 | 19.5 (15.1 to 24.8) | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.2) | 0.158 | ||
$45 000–$74 999 | 356 (24.8) | 9.0 (6.0 to 13.2) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) | 0.138 | 22.0 (16.9 to 28.1) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) | 0.688 | ||
≥$75 000 | 452 (29.2) | 8.5 (5.7 to 12.6) | Ref | 19.7 (15.3 to 25.0) | Ref | ||||
Household savings | |||||||||
$0–$4999 | 578 (42.9) | 17.2 (13.6 to 21.6) | <0.0001 | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.1) | 0.010 | 27.6 (23.2 to 32.6) | 0.0011 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.9) | 0.349 |
≥$5000 | 827 (57.1) | 6.9 (5.0 to 9.3) | Ref | 18.0 (14.8 to 21.8) | Ref | ||||
COVID-related stressor score | |||||||||
Low | 460 (31.2) | 4.0 (2.2 to 7.0) | <0.0001 | Ref | 12.4 (8.9 to 17.0) | <0.0001 | Ref | ||
Medium | 544 (37.0) | 8.6 (6.2 to 11.8) | 2.0 (1.0 to 4.0) | 0.046 | 17.4 (13.6 to 22.0) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 0.139 | ||
High | 446 (31.8) | 20.5 (16.1 to 25.8) | 4.5 (2.3 to 8.8) | <0.0001 | 35.7 (30.2 to 41.6) | 3.3 (2.1 to 5.1) | <0.0001 | ||
Household size (mean) | 3.2 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.1) | 0.710 | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.1) | 0.910 |
All percentages are weighted. Missing data: household income (n=33), household savings (n=45) and COVID-19 stressor score (n=3). GED is the general education diploma. COVID-19 stressor score calculated from stressor summation ranging from 0 to 13; categories represent low (score of 0–2), medium (score of 3–4) and high (score of 5–14) exposure to stressors due to COVID-19. GAD defined by a GAD-7 score ≥15. PTSS defined by a four-item PTSD checklist score ≥3. Two-tailed χ2 analysis conducted for significance testing. This analysis is based on data from our COVID-19 and Life stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being Study.
PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.