Demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19-positive patients (n=1024)
| Residence prior to hospitalisation, n (%) | |
| Home | 824 (80.5) |
| Congregated living facility* | 165 (16.1) |
| Subacute rehabilitation facility | 9 (0.9) |
| Unknown | 18 (1.8) |
| Admission location, n (%) | |
| Emergency department | 951 (92.9) |
| Transfer from another hospital | 60 (5.9) |
| Direct admission | 7 (0.7) |
| Median age (years) (IQR) | 63.3 (50.9–74.4) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 533 (52.1) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| Black | 526 (51.4) |
| White | 390 (38.1) |
| Unknown | 45 (4.4) |
| Asian | 30 (2.9) |
| Other | 26 (2.5) |
| Native | 4 (0.4) |
| Islander | 3 (0.3) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |
| Non-Hispanic | 873 (85.3) |
| Hispanic | 30 (2.9) |
| Unknown | 117 (11.4) |
| Insurance, n (%) | |
| Medicare | 497 (48.5) |
| Commercial | 251 (24.5) |
| Medicaid | 128 (12.5) |
| Self-pay | 29 (2.8%) |
| Other† | 117 (11.4) |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 30.6 (25.9–37.1) |
| Smoking history, n (%) | |
| Never | 615 (60.2) |
| Former | 279 (27.3) |
| Current | 61 (6.0) |
| Unknown | 65 (6.4) |
| Vaping history, n (%) | |
| Never | 645 (63.2) |
| Former | 366 (35.8) |
| Current | 6 (0.6) |
| Unknown | 3 (0.3) |
| Coexisting disorder, n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 670 (65.4) |
| Diabetes | 377 (36.8) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 266 (26.0) |
| Moderate/severe kidney disease | 239 (23.3) |
| Asthma | 132 (12.9) |
| CHF/cardiomyopathy | 131 (12.8) |
| Dementia | 123 (12.0) |
| COPD | 115 (11.2) |
| Cerebrovascular disease/paraplegia | 97 (9.5) |
| Cancer‡ | 77 (7.5) |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 41 (4.0) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease (non-asthma/COPD) | 35 (3.4) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 29 (2.8) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 10 (1.0) |
| HIV/AIDS | 7 (0.7) |
| Organ transplant | 8 (0.8) |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 8 (0.8) |
| No reported comorbidities | 152 (14.9) |
| Home medications | |
| ACE inhibitors | 180 (17.6) |
| Steroids/immunosuppressive therapy | 115 (11.3) |
| ARBs | 136 (13.3) |
| NSAIDs | 182 (17.8) |
| Statins | 378 (37.0) |
| Beta blockers | 298 (29.2) |
| Anticoagulants | 149 (14.6) |
| Oral steroids§ | 62 (6.1) |
| Inhaled steroids | 43 (4.2) |
| Inhaled long-acting beta agonist | 30 (2.9) |
| Inhaled long-acting anticholinergic | 5 (0.5) |
| Home oxygen therapy | 36 (3.5) |
| Duration of symptoms before admission (days), median (IQR) | 6 (3–9) |
| Respiratory symptoms, n (%) | |
| Cough (new or worsening) | 751 (73.3) |
| Fever, n (%) | 735 (71.8) |
| Fever (99.0°F–100.4°F) | 151 (14.7) |
| Fever (>100.4°F) | 390 (38.1) |
| Subjective fever | 194 (18.9) |
| Dyspnoea/shortness of breath | 739 (72.2) |
| Nausea/vomiting or diarrhoea | 403 (39.4) |
| Fatigue | 361 (35.3) |
| Myalgias | 264 (25.8) |
| Weakness | 253 (24.7) |
| Sputum production | 146 (14.3) |
| Altered mental status | 144 (14.1) |
| Non-pleuritic chest pain | 100 (9.8) |
| Generalised malaise | 91 (8.9) |
| Rhinorrhoea | 75 (7.3) |
| Pleuritic chest pain | 75 (7.3) |
| No reported symptoms | 14 (1.4) |
| Sick contacts, n (%) | 381 (37.2) |
| Known COVID-19 positive | 244 (23.8) |
| Unknown COVID-19 status | 236 (23.0) |
| Healthcare worker, n (%) | 72 (7.0) |
| Service worker, n (%)¶ | 59 (5.8) |
| Initial location of admission, n (%) | |
| General medical/surgical ward | 608 (59.5) |
| ICU | 138 (13.5) |
| Step-down unit | 160 (15.7) |
| Observation unit | 115 (11.3) |
| Missing/uknown | 3 (0.3) |
| Admitted to COVID-19-specific (ie, cohorted) unit | 419 (40.9) |
| Advanced directives on admission | |
| DNR/DNI | 64 (6.3) |
| No CPR (intubation OK) | 19 (1.9) |
| No intubation (CPR OK) | 3 (0.3) |
*Includes assisted living, group home, skilled nursing facility, homeless shelters, correctional facilities, community living and inpatient psychiatric facilities.
† Includes other payers, Michigan, out-of-state and government.
‡ Includes leukaemia, lymphoma, haematological cancer and any malignancy.
§ Includes oral prednisone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone and dexamethasone.
¶ Service workers include food service, transportation, postal/delivery and other related fields.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; DNI, do not intubate; DNR, do not resuscitate; ICU, intensive care unit; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.