Clinical and laboratory data in COVID-19-positive patients by ICU status (n=1024)
| Ever ICU (n=232) | General ward (n=792) | P value | |
| Vital signs on day of hospital admission, n (%) | |||
| Fever (>100.4°F) | 95 (40.9) | 295 (37.2) | 0.3073 |
| Hypoxia/new or escalated O2 requirement | 142 (61.2) | 257 (32.4) | <0.0001 |
| Supplemental oxygen use | 96 (41.4) | 145 (18.3) | <0.0001 |
| Respiratory rate>20 breaths/min | 139 (59.9) | 306 (38.6) | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate>100 beats/min | 99 (42.7) | 321 (40.5) | 0.5596 |
| Systolic blood pressure<100 mm Hg | 27 (11.6) | 45 (5.7) | 0.0018 |
| Day 1 laboratory measures, median (IQR) | |||
| Haemoglobin | 13.2 (11.4–14.7) | 13.2 (12.0–14.6) | 0.4573 |
| White blood cell count (K/μL) | 7.3 (5.5–9.7) | 6.5 (4.8–8.4) | <0.0001 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count (K/μL) | 0.80 (0.60–1.20) | 1.00 (0.70–1.30) | 0.3440 |
| Platelet count (K/μL) | 197 (149–256) | 204 (159–268) | 0.4875 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 32.0 (20.0–60.0) | 27.0 (18.0–41.0) | 0.2228 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.6 (1.2–2.5) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 0.0010 |
| Troponin (pg/mL) | 9 (0–38) | 0 (0–12) | 0.5872 |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 79 (34–236) | 49 (18–157) | 0.0088 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.30 (0.17–0.94) | 0.12 (0.06–0.29) | 0.5054 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 2.88 (1.19–35.00) | 1.65 (0.59–368.00) | 0.8240 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 872 (379–1531) | 559 (237–1019) | 0.1074 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 24.3 (12.0–107.1) | 13.8 (5.8–66.2) | 0.0031 |
| LDH (IU/L) | 476 (337–668) | 346 (254–455) | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3 (1.0–2.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.5736 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.7147 |
| Respiratory viral panel positive for non-COVID-19 respiratory virus, n (%) | 2 (0.9) | 7 (0.9) | 0.9443 |
| Positive blood culture within 1 day of admission, n (%) | 7 (3.0) | 9 (1.1) | 0.0422 |
| Positive respiratory culture within 1 day of admission, n (%) | 4 (1.7) | 4 (0.5) | 0.0636 |
| Any chest imaging*, n (%) | 139 (59.9) | 389 (49.1) | 0.0038 |
| Chest X-ray, n (%) | 118 (50.9) | 322 (40.7) | 0.0058 |
| Chest CT, n (%) | 34 (14.7) | 106 (13.4) | 0.6201 |
| Imaging findings, n (%) | |||
| Pneumonia | 61 (26.3) | 100 (12.6) | <0.0001 |
| Non-specified opacities/air-space disease | 84 (36.2) | 161 (20.3) | <0.0001 |
| Pleural effusion | 32 (13.8) | 37 (4.7) | <0.0001 |
| Normal/no abnormalities | 5 (2.2) | 30 (3.8) | 0.2287 |
| Pulmonary oedema | 25 (10.8) | 29 (3.7) | <0.0001 |
| CT with ground-glass infiltrates | 14 (6.0) | 58 (7.3) | 0.4995 |
| Respiratory support on day of admission, n (%) | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 46 (19.8) | 2 (0.3) | <0.0001 |
| Non-invasive positive pressure | 5 (2.2) | 2 (0.3) | 0.0020 |
| HHFNC | 5 (2.2) | 5 (2.2) | 0.1905 |
| Oxygen mask (>40% FiO2) | 17 (7.3) | 20 (2.6) | 0.0006 |
| Nasal cannula oxygen, 1–6 L | 76 (32.8) | 261 (33.0) | 0.9555 |
| No supplemental oxygen | 83 (8.1) | 502 (49.0) | <0.0001 |
| Treatments during hospitalisation, n (%) | |||
| COVID-19-specific treatment(s), n (%) | |||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 154 (66.4) | 364 (46.0) | <0.0001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine+azithromycin | 112 (48.3) | 260 (32.8) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (PO or intravenous) | 35 (15.1) | 68 (8.6) | 0.0038 |
| Remdesivir | 7 (3.0) | 10 (1.3) | 0.0658 |
| IL-6 receptor inhibitor | 27 (11.6) | . (%) | <0.0001 |
| Corticosteroids,†† n (%) | 79 (34.1) | 143 (18.1) | <0.0001 |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 213 (91.8) | 558 (70.5) | <0.0001 |
| Azithromycin | 149 (64.2) | 415 (52.4) | 0.0014 |
| Ceftriaxone | 124 (53.4) | 345 (43.6%) | 0.0079 |
| Cefepime | 90 (38.8) | 79 (10.0) | <0.0001 |
| Doxycycline | 37 (15.9) | 111 (14.0) | 0.4615 |
| Vancomycin | 115 (49.6) | 106 (13.4) | <0.0001 |
| Linezolid | 12 (5.2) | 8 (1.0) | <0.0001 |
| Antipseudomonals‡ | 123 (53.0) | 115 (14.5) | <0.0001 |
| Antivirals,§§ n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 13 (1.6) | 0.1626 |
| Enrolled in clinical trial | 10 (4.3) | 12 (1.5) | 0.0098 |
*Includes chest imaging results 7 days before hospital encounter.
†Hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone or prednisone.
‡Cefepime, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin–tazobactam, ceftazadime, aztreonam or tobramycin.
§Non-remdesivir antivirals including oseltamivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, others.
ALT, alanine transaminase; CRP, C reactive protein; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; HHFNC, heated high-flow nasal cannula; ICU, intensive care unit; IL, interleukin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.