Characteristics of children with KD and healthy controls
| KD (n=176) | Controls (n=85) | Statistic† | P value | |
| Children’s characteristics | ||||
| Age (months) | 66.5±39.0 | 77.3±38.0 | −2.114 | 0.035* |
| Age of KD onset (months) | 21.6±17.7 | – | N/A | N/A |
| Sex | 1.054 | 0.305 | ||
| Male | 107 (60.8) | 46 (54.1) | ||
| Female | 69 (39.2) | 39 (45.9) | ||
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | N/A | N/A | ||
| None | 7 (4.0) | – | ||
| Once | 156 (88.6) | – | ||
| Twice | 13 (7.4) | – | ||
| Coronary artery aneurysms | N/A | N/A | ||
| With | 74 (42.0) | – | ||
| Without | 102 (58.0) | – | ||
| Mullen Scales of Early Learning | ||||
| Gross Motor‡ | 52.0±13.1 | 52.7±12.0 | 0.091 | 0.765 |
| Visual Reception | 54.0±13.8 | 53.1±17.2 | 0.062 | 0.804 |
| Fine Motor | 50.2±13.4 | 50.1±11.6 | 0.037 | 0.847 |
| Receptive Language | 57.0±11.5 | 51.2±10.7 | 3.838 | 0.054 |
| Expressive Language | 51.7±13.2 | 50.5±11.2 | 0.229 | 0.634 |
| Composite scores | 106.2±19.4 | 105.0±19.2 | 0.087 | 0.768 |
| WPPSI | ||||
| Full Scale IQ | 103.7±10.4 | 107.6±11.7 | 1.380 | 0.243 |
| Verbal Comprehension Index | 105.2±10.7 | 107.1±14.3 | 1.132 | 0.290 |
| Visual Spatial Index | 98.8±14.9 | 101.5±10.9 | 0.262 | 0.610 |
| Fluid Reasoning Index | 107.0±12.0 | 107.0±13.9 | 0.003 | 0.960 |
| Working Memory Index | 99.0±12.4 | 100.3±15.3 | 0.150 | 0.700 |
| Processing Speed Index | 103.3±12.5 | 106.9±12.7 | 0.683 | 0.411 |
| WISC-IV | ||||
| Full Scale IQ | 109.1±11.1 | 109.7±17.4 | 1.039 | 0.311 |
| Verbal Comprehension Index | 108.2±13.4 | 111.3±16.3 | 0.022 | 0.882 |
| Perceptual Reasoning Index | 106.1±14.8 | 106.4±17.2 | 0.576 | 0.450 |
| Working Memory Index | 110.3±13.1 | 111.4±15.3 | 0.331 | 0.567 |
| Processing Speed Index | 103.0±14.3 | 98.4±15.1 | 3.928 | 0.051 |
| Caregivers’ characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 37.6±4.8 | 38.2±5.0 | −0.889 | 0.375 |
| Sex | 1.096 | 0.295 | ||
| Male | 26 (14.9) | 17 (20.0) | ||
| Female | 149 (85.1) | 68 (80.0) | ||
| Education levels | 8.080 | 0.018* | ||
| High school or lower | 81 (46.8) | 29 (34.1) | ||
| College | 77 (44.5) | 39 (45.9) | ||
| Master or above | 15 (8.7) | 17 (20.0) | ||
| Family expenditure (per month)§ | 0.515 | 0.773 | ||
| <50 000 NT$ | 94 (59.9) | 42 (55.3) | ||
| 50 000–100 000 NT$ | 46 (29.3) | 24 (31.6) | ||
| >100 000 NT$ | 17 (10.8) | 10 (13.2) | ||
| PSI-SF | ||||
| Defensive Responding | 18.0±5.2 | 18.0±5.3 | 0.193 | 0.660 |
| Parental Distress | 30.2±8.2 | 30.0±9.0 | 0.003 | 0.958 |
| Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction | 23.1±7.0 | 24.4±8.3 | 2.204 | 0.139 |
| Difficult Child | 27.4±8.1 | 29.0±8.6 | 3.836 | 0.051 |
| Total score | 80.7±20.4 | 83.1±21.9 | 1.749 | 0.187 |
Data are expressed as mean±SD or n (%).
*p<0.05.
†Statistical values are expressed as t value or χ2.
‡Gross Motor is only for children aged <33 months.
§NT$ represents new Taiwan dollars (US$1=31.1 NT$). There were 28 missing values (19 patients with ADHD and 9 controls).
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; KD, Kawasaki disease; PSI-SF, Parenting Stress Index-Short Form; WISC-IV, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.