Change in life expectancy, healthy life expectance and disability-free life expectancy across all studies where reported*
| Study | Country | Age | Trend period | Change in LE | Change in HLE | Change in DFLE |
| All high-income countries combined from the Global Burden of Disease studies | ||||||
| GBD study 2016 | All high income | 0 | 2005, 2015 | Men: 1.75 Women: 1.33 | Men: 1.43 Women: 1.08 | – |
| GBD study 2017 | All high income | 0 | 1990, 2016 | Men: 5.63 Women: 4.14 | Men: 4.43 Women:3.21 | – |
| 65 | Men: 3.51 Women: 3.03 | Men: 2.27 Women: 2.6 | – | |||
| GBD study 2018 | All high income | 0 | 1990, 2017 | Men: 5.6 Women: 4.2 | Men: 4.2 Women: 3.0 | – |
| Studies with samples from Europe | ||||||
| Jagger et al7 | England | 65 | 1991, 2011 | Men: 4.5 Women: 3.6 | Men: 3.8 (3.5–4.1) Women: 3.1 (2.7–3.4) | Men: 2.6 (2.3–2.9) Women: 0.5 (0.2–0.9) |
| Kingston et al8 | England | 65 | 1991, 2011 | Men: 4.7 Women: 4.1 | Men: 1.7 (1.2–2.1) Women: 0.2 (−0.4 to 0.7) | |
| Reus-Pons et al17 | England and Wales | 50 | 2001, 2011 | Men: 2.8 Women: 2.2 | Men: 0.25 Women: −0.15 | – |
| ONS15 | UK | 0 | 2009/2011–2015/2017 | Men: 0.8 Women: 0.4 | Men: 0.4 Women: −0.2 | – |
| Bronnum-Hansen et al21 | Denmark | 65 | 2006/2007, 2010/2011, 2013/2014 | Difference in change in LE between high and low education: Men: 0.1 Women: 0.3 | – | Difference in change in DFLE between high and low education Men: −0.3 Women: −0.3 |
| Deeg et al 24 | Netherlands | 65 | 1993, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2016 | Men: 4.0 Women: 2.2 | Physical Men: −2.2 Women: −1.5 | – |
| Gheorghe et al25 | Netherlands | 25 | 2001, 2011 | Men: High: 2.88 Med: 3.22 Low: 2.43 Women: High: 1.78 Med: 1.53 Low: 1.15 | Men: High 2.85 Med: 3.01 Low: 2.13 Women: High: 2.64 Med: 1.57 Low: 1.80 | – |
| 65 | Men: High: 2.48 Med: 2.24 Low: 1.68 Women: High: 1.64 Med: 1.41 Low: 1.12 | Men: High: 2.17 Med: 1.91 Low: 1.37 Women: High: 1.74 Med: 1.21 Low: 1.14 | – | |||
| Reus-Pons et al 17 | Netherlands | 50 | 2001, 2011 | Men: 2.82 Women: 1.84 | Men: 2.21 Women: 1.25 | – |
| Remund et al 31 | Switzerland | 30 | 1990/1994, 1995/1999, 2004/2004, 2010/2014 | Men: 5.02 Women: 3.09 | Men: 4.52 Women: 3.09 | – |
| Storeng et al 26 | Norway | 50 | 1984/1986, 1995/1997, 2006/2008 | Men: 6.99 (5.27–8.72) Women: 6.75 (5.16–8.34) | Men: 6.90 (6.08–7.73) Women: 5.40 (4.56–6.25) | Men: 2.71 (2.01–3.42) Women: 0.33 (–0.40 to 1.06) |
| Sundberg et al 30 | Sweden (SWEOLD) | 77 | 1992, 2002, 2004, 2011 2004, 2011 | Men: 1.7 Women: 1.1 | – | Men: 1.1 Women: 1.6 |
| Sweden (SHARE) | Men: 0.6 Women: 0.4 | – | Men: 0.1 Women: 1.3 | |||
| Yokota et al 29 | Belgium | 15 | 2001, 2004, 2008 | Men: 1.6 Women: 1.0 | – | Men: 0.7 Women: −0.7 |
| Studies with samples from Asia | ||||||
| Jo et al 27 | R. Korea | 0 | 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 | Men: 3.38 Women: 3.15 | Men: 4.03 Women: 3.44 | – |
| Lee et al 28 | R. Korea | 0 | 2005, 2008, 2011 | Men: 2.5 Women: 2.6 | Men: 1.4 Women: 1.2 | – |
| 65 | Men: 1.6 Women: 2.0 | Men: 2.2 Women: 2.6 | – | |||
| 85 | Men: 0.3 Women: 0.7 | Men: 1.4 Women: 1.4 | – | |||
| Sugawara et al 22 | Japan | 0 | 2000, 2010 | Men: 1.9 Women: 1.7 | – | Men: 1.0 Women: 0.4 |
| Tokudome et al23 | Japan | 0 | 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013 | Men: 4.01 Women: 4.43 | Men: 3.02 Women: 3.32 | – |
| Studies with sample from North America | ||||||
| Crimmins et al33 | USA | 0 | 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 | Men: 9.2 Women: 6.4 | – | Men: 4.5 Women: 2.7 |
| 20–64 | Men: 1.8 Women: 0.9 | – | Men: 0.9 Women: −0.6 | |||
| 65 | Men: 4.7 Women: 3.5 | – | Men: 2.7 Women: 2.4 | |||
| 85 | Men: 1.1 Women: 1.3 | – | Men: 0.5 Women: 0.8 | |||
*Table and comparison does not include studies where: the metric of change was not comparable for each health expectancy (Steensma et al20); trends were reported as slope of index inequality only (ONS19); only forecasts are reported (Kingston et al14, Guzman-Castillo et al13, Cao et al32); total life expectancy is reported only as a graph (Lagergren et al29, Freedman and Spillman34, Freedman et al35); trends are reported as difference in change in DFLE between levels of education and not comparable to the LE trend (Renard et al18).
DFLE, Disability-free life expectancy; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; HLE, Healthy life expectancy; LE, Life expectancy.