Summary of children with a completed ultrasound examination
| (1) Cases with a completed LUS (n) | (2) Total cases with a completed LUS (%) | (3) Provider Dx+ cases (n) | (4) LUS Dx+ cases (n) | (5) Provider Dx+ and LUS Dx+ cases (n) | (6) Pneumo+ according to provider (%) | (7) Pneumo+ according to LUS (%) | (8) Sensitivity† | |
| As % of full sample (col. 3÷col. 1) | As % of full sample (col. 4÷col. 1) | As % of LUS pneumo+ cases only (col. 5÷col. 4) | ||||||
| Total | 847 | 100.0 | 113 | 239 | 42 | 13.3 | 28.2 | 17.6 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 428 | 50.5 | 59 | 129 | 23 | 13.8 | 30.1 | 17.8‡ |
| Female | 419 | 49.5 | 54 | 110 | 19 | 12.9 | 26.3 | 17.3 |
| Child age (months) | ||||||||
| 2–11 | 288 | 34.0 | 48 | 101 | 21 | 16.7 | 35.1 | 20.8‡ |
| 12–59 | 559 | 66.0 | 65 | 138 | 21 | 11.6 | 24.7 | 15.2 |
| Provider carried out any clinical examination§ | ||||||||
| Yes | 284 | 33.5 | 58 | 91 | 27 | 20.4 | 32.0 | 29.7*** |
| No | 563 | 66.5 | 55 | 148 | 15 | 9.8 | 26.3 | 10.1‡ |
| Provider counted child’s breaths | ||||||||
| Yes | 107 | 12.6 | 29 | 33 | 15 | 27.1 | 30.8 | 45.5*** |
| No | 740 | 87.4 | 84 | 206 | 27 | 11.4 | 27.8 | 13.1‡ |
| Duration of provider examination (min) | ||||||||
| ≤2 | 155 | 18.3 | 18 | 45 | 8 | 11.6 | 29.0 | 17.8‡ |
| 3–5 | 403 | 47.6 | 45 | 101 | 13 | 11.2 | 25.1 | 12.9 |
| 6–10 | 218 | 25.7 | 32 | 71 | 15 | 14.7 | 32.6 | 21.1 |
| >10 | 70 | 8.30 | 18 | 22 | 6 | 25.7 | 31.4 | 27.3 |
| Provider role at facility | ||||||||
| Medical attendant | 102 | 12.0 | 6 | 32 | 4 | 5.9 | 31.4 | 12.5 |
| Nurse | 340 | 40.1 | 39 | 101 | 13 | 11.5 | 29.7 | 12.9 |
| Assistant clinical officer | 46 | 5.4 | 7 | 10 | 3 | 15.2 | 21.7 | 30 |
| Clinical officer | 195 | 23.0 | 34 | 50 | 12 | 17.4 | 25.6 | 24 |
| Physician clinician | 164 | 19.4 | 27 | 46 | 10 | 16.5 | 28.0 | 21.7‡ |
| Years of experience provider has diagnosing and treating children under 5 | ||||||||
| ≤2 | 187 | 22.1 | 23 | 44 | 4 | 12.3 | 23.5 | 9.1‡ |
| 3–5 | 385 | 45.5 | 60 | 111 | 28 | 15.6 | 28.8 | 25.2** |
| 6–10 | 120 | 14.2 | 14 | 45 | 7 | 11.7 | 37.5 | 15.6 |
| 11–15 | 37 | 4.4 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 10.8 | 18.9 | 0.0 |
| 16–20 | 52 | 6.1 | 8 | 12 | 1 | 15.4 | 23.1 | 8.3 |
| >20 | 66 | 7.8 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 6.1 | 30.3 | 10.0 |
| Received IMCI training | ||||||||
| In the past 2 years | 136 | 16.1 | 20 | 46 | 14 | 14.7 | 33.8 | 30.4*** |
| 2 or more years ago | 74 | 8.7 | 12 | 13 | 4 | 16.2 | 17.6 | 30.8* |
| No training received | 622 | 73.4 | 78 | 175 | 22 | 12.5 | 28.1 | 12.6‡ |
| Provider knows to count child’s breaths | ||||||||
| Yes | 563 | 66.9 | 95 | 146 | 34 | 16.9 | 25.9 | 23.3*** |
| No | 279 | 33.1 | 18 | 92 | 8 | 6.5 | 33.0 | 8.7‡ |
| Month when examination took place | ||||||||
| October | 139 | 16.4 | 21 | 58 | 13 | 15.1 | 41.7 | 22.4‡ |
| November | 455 | 53.7 | 69 | 113 | 21 | 15.2 | 24.8 | 18.6 |
| December | 253 | 29.9 | 23 | 68 | 8 | 9.1 | 26.9 | 11.8 |
| Region | ||||||||
| Pwani | 282 | 33.3 | 51 | 102 | 24 | 18.1 | 36.2 | 23.5‡ |
| Dodoma | 297 | 35.1 | 35 | 73 | 8 | 11.8 | 24.6 | 11.0** |
| Tabora | 268 | 31.6 | 27 | 64 | 10 | 10.1 | 23.9 | 15.6 |
| Facility type | ||||||||
| Dispensary | 678 | 80.0 | 88 | 205 | 34 | 13.0 | 30.2 | 16.6‡ |
| Health centre | 118 | 13.9 | 18 | 29 | 7 | 15.3 | 24.6 | 24.1 |
| Hospital | 51 | 6.0 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 13.7 | 9.8 | 20.0 |
Significance compared with the reference group denoted as follows: *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01.
†Reference group for pairwise significance tests indicated by ‡.
§Clinical examination refers to the completion of one or more of the three assessment steps providers should be undertaking when diagnosing a child under five according to the IMCI algorithm: (1) counting breaths, (2) looking for chest in-drawing, and/or (3) listen to breathing for sounds of stridor or wheezing.
Dx, diagnosis; IMCI, Integrated Management of Childhood Diseases; LUS, lung ultrasound.