Significance levels: *Black vs white; **Black vs Hispanic; ***Black vs Asian; †White vs Hispanic; ††White vs Asian; †††Hispanic vs Asian, significant difference at p<0.05.

‡ESRD classified based on diagnosis reported by the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems code (ICD-10) in patient’s medical history.

§CKD classified based on diagnosis reported by the ICD-10 code in patient’s medical history.

¶Comorbidities here are medical diagnoses included in medical history as ICD-10 codes. These include, but are not limited to, those presented in the table.

‡‡Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts the 10-year mortality of a patient based on age and comorbidities. Scores are summed to provide a total predictive score. The lowest score of 0 corresponds to a 98% estimated 10-year survival rate (Charlson et al 1987).

§§Assessed at the most recent clinical encounter within the last 12 months.

¶¶Blood pressure control was evaluated only among patients with hypertension (n=1816) and glucose control among patients with diabetes (n=898).

‡‡‡Average exercise was collected from self-reported data.

§§§EVS is based on patient-reported weekly exercise minutes. We used three categories: inactive for patients who reported less than 10 min/week; insufficiently active for patients who reported 11–149 min/week; and sufficiently active for patients who reported 150 or more min/week.

BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; EVS, exercise as a vital sign; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HTN, hypertension; KPGA, Kaiser Permanente Georgia.